ee 
BONE-SPAVIN. 
used as a supplementary food for pigs, in the 
form of a broth or pot liquor, which, mixed with 
meal, will greatly accelerate their growth or in- 
crease their fat.” When rapid action upon tur- 
nips is desired, either this measure, or thorough 
previous fermentation, or digestion in sulphuric 
acid, ought to be adopted; and in every instance 
in which large quantities are in requisition, a 
calculation ought to be made as to which of the 
several methods of applying bone-manure will 
prove most economical for the general results of 
the rotation or of the farm.—Repertory of Inven- 
tions—Report of the Doncaster Agricultural As- 
sociation on Bone-Manure—New Farmer's Maga- 
zine.—Nos. 1, 6, 16, 18, 20, 24, 41, 47, 50, 57, and 
59, of the Quarterly Journal of Agriculture. Vols. 
2, 4, and 5, of the Journal of the Royal Agricul- 
| tural Society—Transactions of the Highland So- 
ciety.—Catalogue of the Highland Socrety’s Museum. 
—Bayldon on Rents and Tillages—Mill’s Hus- 
| bandry.—Davy’s Agricultural Chenustry by Shier. 
| —Liebig’s Chemistry of Agriculture. — Turner's 
Chemistry.— Thomson's Chemistry—Britesh Hus- 
bandry—Rham’s Dictionary of the Farm. 
BONE-MILL. See Bonz-Manvre. 
BONE-SPAVIN. A bony excrescence or hard 
swelling on the inside of the horse’s hock. It 
assumes various aspects and possesses varlous 
virulence, from a slight and easily curable dam- 
age to an inveterate blemish or incurable dis- 
ease. It is induced by kicks, bruises, leaping, 
overstraining, and rapid galloping, but especially 
by the overworking of a young horse before its 
limbs have become properly knit, and by the ab- 
surd though common practice of forming a horse’s 
shoes with raised parts, or what are technically 
termed calkins on the outer heel. A spavin from 
a kick or blow is usually a mere bruise on the 
bone, or on the membrane which covers it, and 
can easily be cured ; a spavin on the lower part of 
the hock is of less consequence than one between 
the two round processes of the leg-bone; a spa- 
vin near the edge of the limb is not so bad, be- 
cause it does not so much affect the bending of 
the hock, as one towards the middle; and a spa- 
vin of any kind ina colt or young horse is less 
inveterate than a spavin of the same kind ina 
fully matured horse, and very much less so than 
one in a decidedly old horse. 
In the earlier stages of bad bone-spavin, a de- 
gree of lameness is always induced,—and this is 
sometimes so great as to render the animal ap- 
parently all but worthless; but in the maturer 
stages, when the membrane of the bone becomes 
accommodated to the excrescence, the lameness 
decreases, and often totally disappears. A spa- 
vined horse is usually quite able for slow work, 
and may not only take part in most of the 
draught-labour of a farm, but derive benefit from 
the laborious but steady exercise of his limbs. 
A farmer will generally procure such an animal 
at a comparatively low price, and may find him 
an excellent bargain. The slow, regular, and 
BONPLANDIA. 
heavy action of the limbs in plough-draught, 
rouses the absorbent system to vigorous action, 
and incites it to withdraw a portion of the bony. 
matter which forms the excrescence, yet without 
either renewing the local irritation or inflamma- 
tion; and therefore achieves an important alle- 
viation of the disorder. 
The proper medicinal application for any or- 
dinary bone-spavin is a blister. The hair over 
the affected part should be cut close to the skin; 
blistering ointment ought, in the morning, to be 
spread thickly over the part; and, in the even- 
ing, a plaster of pitch or any other sticking sub- 
stance may be laid over it, and bound on with 
broad tape. A second application may be made 
after the scabs from the first blistering begin 
to peel off; and this is usually more effective 
than the first, and, in the case of colts or young 
horses, generally completes the cure. In very 
bad cases, so many as six or seven successive ap- 
plications may be necessary; and they are not 
at all likely to aggravate the disease or occasion 
any other blemish, but, on the other hand, will 
generally effect a cure; yet, after the second 
time, they must not be repeated with greater 
rapidity than at intervals of fourteen or even 
twenty-one days. A spavin among the sinuosi- 
ties of the joint, and any ordinary spavin in an 
old animal, may be regarded as incurable. Blis- 
tering, at all events, will not subdue such cases ; 
and either the use of the hot iron or the applica- 
tion of some powerfully caustic and corrosive 
agent is the only probable remedy, but ought not 
to be employed without full consideration of 
risks, and may not unlikely destroy the limb or 
at least greatly aggravate the existing lameness. 
The safest method in even the worst cases is to 
give full trial to blistering; and, when this fails, 
to rest contented with whatever degree of ameli- 
oration can be obtained from the slow and steady 
working of the animal, 
BONPUANDIA, Cusparra, or Gaurpra. A 
small genus of medicinal and ornamental, ever- 
green, dendritic, tropical plants, of the rue or 
diosma tribe. The best known species was ori- 
ginally designated by Humboldt Cusparia febri- 
fuga, and retains that name in the London Phar- 
macopvela ; it was afterwards called by M. Saint 
Hilaire Galipea febrifuga ; it was next called by 
Aublet Galipea trifoliata, and entered under that 
name in Loudon’s Hortus Britannicus; but it 
was designated by Willdenow Bonplandia trifolr- 
ata, and this last name was adopted by Hum- 
boldt, and is received in the Pharmacopoeias of 
Edinburgh and Dublin. Yet its bark, which is 
the part used in medicine, is called sometimes 
cusparia bark, sometimes bonplandia bark, and 
most frequently angustura bark. 
This plant grows abundantly in the woods on 
the coast of the gulf of Santa Fé, and in the ad- 
joining districts of South America. Its trunk is 
cylindrical, has a greyish bark, rises to the height 
of from 20 to 80 feet, and ramifies towards the 
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