| Worn 
502 
BOUDS. 
growing pine-apples, cucumbers, melons, and a 
great diversity of tropical plants, It came into 
use when the heating of hothouses could not be 
effected by any other known means but such as 
dried the air, and were altogether unsuited to 
succulent vegetables ; but it has been rendered 
wholly unnecessary by the modern methods of 
heating by means of steam and hot water pipes; 
and it continues to be used only where heating is 
not required on any considerable scale, or where 
ignorance and prejudice resist the triumphs of 
scientific improvement. See the article Bark- 
Bep. 
BOUDS. Weevils which breed in malt and 
grain. But the name is quite provincial. 
BOUND. The constipation or constriction of 
an animal. A horse or any other animal suffer- 
ing constipation in the bowels is popularly said 
to be bound ; and when subjected to other kinds 
of unnatural constriction, he is said to be hide- 
bound, hoof-bound, &c. 
BOUVARDIA. A genus of splendidly-flow- 
ering, evergreen, undershrubs, of the madder 
tribe. The three-leaved species, B. triphylla, was 
brought to Great Britain from Mexico in 1794, 
and has hitherto engrossed more attention than 
any other species ; but it includes two other va- 
rieties, pubescens and glabra. Both varieties usu- 
ally grow to the height of about 23 feet, and pro- 
| duce brilliant scarlet trumpet -shaped flowers, 
and may be so treated, by alternation of winter 
dormancy in the greenhouse and stimulating 
summer culture in the open air, as to bloom from 
April till the commencement of severe frost. 
Yet they have as vigorous a growth and offer as 
stout a resistance to frost as Fuschia coccinea, 
and may be kept in fine condition in the open 
air, simply by being cut down late in autumn, 
and having their roots and the base of their 
stem protected by leaves or litter during winter. 
They can readily be propagated by cuttings of 
| their roots, in strong soil, in fruiting pine-pots, 
in a hothouse temperature of between 60° and 
They have deservedly challenged general 
favour as among the most beautiful of our small 
flowering shrubs. Two other species, the various- 
coloured and the long-flowered, versicolor and 
longiflora, have been more recently introduced ; 
and the latter of these is peculiarly handsome, 
| but has less hardiness than the other species. 
BOVEY COAL. A brown coal or lignite found 
in England, and named from the place of its oc- 
currence. 
BOWELS. The intestines of an animal. They 
occupy a chief part of the abdomen, and serve 
important and complicated purposes in the ani- 
mal economy. But both the bowels themselves, 
and the functions which they perform, will be 
noticed in the article Intestines. The diseases 
of the bowels are various, and, in one or two in- 
stances, virulent, and often fatal. But they will 
be noticed in the articles InrnamMation, EnvTER- 
Iris, Conic, ENTANGLEMENT, INDTROSUSCEPTION, 
BOX-THORN. 
Worms, Stonz, Hernra, Diarru@a, DysEnTERY, 
AND CoNSTIPATION. 
BOWER. A large umbrageous seat in a gar- 
den, shrubbery, or park. It may be square, 
semicircular, or of other form below, but is usu- 
ally more or less dome-shaped above; and it may 
consist either of a simple bench overhung by the 
interlaced branches of trees, or of elegant cabi- 
net-work, enclosed within a cage or trellis of in- 
tertwined climbing shrubs, and tastefully trained 
festoons. 
BOWS OF A SADDLE. Two pieces of wood 
laid archwise to fit the upper part of the horse’s 
back, and to give the saddle its proper form, and 
keep it steady. 
BOX. A vessel for containing any dry mate- 
rial,—usually a square wooden vessel with a lid, 
for holding or packing any articles which are not 
liquid. But few English words have more nu- 
merous and conflicting meanings, whether clas- 
sical, colloquial, or technical. Some wooden ves- 
sels, as chests and trunks, are not boxes; some 
boxes, as those for carrying snuff in the pocket, 
are not wooden vessels; many kinds of boxes, as 
the box of a stage coach, the box of a wheel, the 
box of a plough, and the box of a bridge, are pro- 
perly not vessels at all; and some figurative 
boxes, such as blows and difficulties, have no con- 
ceivable analogy to literal boxes. The box of a 
wheel is the cavity in which the axis turns ; and 
the box of a plough is the cross piece which sup- 
ports the two crow-staves. 
see the article Box-Trur. 
BOX-CHURN. See Cuurn. 
BOX DRAIN. A drain so built that a verti- 
cal section of it has the same outline as that of a 
box. Its sides are upright ; and its cover is flat. 
See the article Drainina. 
BOX-ELDER,—botanically Wegundo. A genus | 
of ornamental timber trees, of the maple tribe. 
They were formerly classed as maples, under the 
designations of Acer negundo and Acer fraxini- 
folium ; but they are readily distinguishable from 
all true maples by the resemblance of their leaves 
to those of the ash-tree. The American or ash- 
leaved species, Vegundo Americanum or Negundo 
fraxinifolium, was introduced to Great Britain 
from North America in 1688. It usually attains 
a height of about 35 or 40 feet; and its leaves 
have a pale green colour, and give an agreeable 
variety of tint to a mixture of park trees; but 
its branches, in any exposed situation, are liable 
to be split and broken by the winds. Its timber 
serves the same purposes as that of the sycamore 
maple. This tree may be propagated from either 
layers, cuttings, or keys. A well established va- 
riety of it is called the curled box-elder,—W. /f. 
crispum. Two other species are known to bo- 
tanists. 
BOX-THORN,—botanically Zycium. A genus 
of ornamental shrubs, of the nightshade family. 
Nearly twenty species have been introduced to 
Great Britain from the Cape of Good Hope, China, 
For the plant box, | 
