& 
O44 BROKEN-KNEES. 
and to replace them slantingly in the soil, with 
their heads to the north. When snow accom- 
panies severe weather, a covering of it artificially 
heaped over the plants, will protect them from 
the injurious effects of the frost. Another me- 
thod of protection, recently brought into use, is, 
in the first week of September, to make small 
trenches at the north end of the rows of the 
plants, to lay the adjoining plants so low in the 
trenches that the centre of their stems at the top 
is brought level with the surface of the ground, 
to give each an immediate watering, and place 
over its roots an additional covering of soil, and, 
previous to the first fall of snow, to gather around 
it a mimic hillock of soil, in order to support its 
leaves, and prevent them from being broken. 
Another method of protection is to lay some bean 
or pea haulm or other litter on the ground among 
the stems of the plants, to strike the whole plot 
as full as it will stick of old pea stakes, and thus 
to place the plants in an artificial coppice,—the 
litter representing the withered grass, and the 
pea stakes representing the bushes. 
Broccoli, like cabbages, borecoles, and other 
kinds of Ingen with semiligneous stems, may 
be propagated by cuttings. Truncheons or cut- 
tings may be formed, with each an eye or bud; 
they ought to be dried, for a few days, in the 
sunshine, so that they may acquire sufficient ex- 
siccation and hardness to resist early fermenta- 
tion; and they must be dibbled into the spots 
where they are intended to remain, and kept in 
as dry a state as possible, or at least not artifici- 
ally watered till they show some appearance of 
beginning to grow. For this mode of propaga- 
tion, the soil selected for the bed should be hight 
and well-drained, and the day chosen for plant- 
ing should be dry.—Mawe.—Miller— Loudon.— 
Transactions of the Horticultural Society Garden- 
ers Magazine.—Quarterly Journal of Agriculture. 
—Switzer’s Italian Broccolt. 
BROCK. The badger. 
BROKEN-KNEES. Wounds in the knees of 
the horse. They are of very frequent occurrence, 
in some instances from accidents by obstruction, 
in others from the faulty management of riders, 
and in others from unsoundness or stumbling 
habit in the animals themselves. Wounds in the 
knees, when inflicted from the first or the second 
of these causes, may involve not the slightest 
permanent damage ; yet they are so frequently 
an index to serious unsoundness, that, whenever 
traces of them exist, intended purchasers ought 
to make full and careful trial of the animal’s ac- 
tion and habit. When the wounds are inflicted, 
they ought to be very thoroughly cleaned with a 
sponge and warm water; if they are deep, ex- 
tensive, or much lacerated, they should be poul- 
ticed twice or thrice a-day, for two or three days, 
with a goulard poultice; and, should they be- 
come worse, and emit a thin offensively-smelling 
discharge, they must be cleansed with a hot de- 
tergent lotion, and may possibly require to be 
BROKEN-WIND. 
touched with the hot iron. But in all bad cases, 
professional advice and treatment ought early to 
be obtained. 
BROKEN-WIND. A serious disease in the 
lungs of horses. It presents considerable resem- 
blance to thick-wind, and is often preceded or im- 
mediately caused by that disease; and thick-wind 
and broken-wind jointly produce a gradation of 
distressing symptoms to which horse-dealers and 
farmers have given a series of expressive though 
inelegant designations. See the article TurcK- 
Wrinp. Some horses, when very fat, or when 
violently worked on a full stomach, suffer inju- 
rious pressure of the stomach upon the lungs, 
emit grunting sounds like those of a hog, and are 
popularly called grunters. Some, more from ob- 
structions in the nose, than from disease in the 
lungs, puff, blow, and violently distend their nos- 
trils, whenever they are more than very mode- 
rately exercised ; and these are called high-blow- 
ers. Some, from contraction in the windpipe or 
the larynx, whenever they are for some time 
smartly exercised, emit a disagreeably shrill 
sound, and soon become greatly distressed ; and 
these are designated whistlers. Some, when 
suffering bronchitis, or when permanently afilict- 
ed with thick-wind, emit, at all times, a sound 
somewhat similar to that emitted by an asthma- 
tic human subject, when under slight exertion ; 
and these are designated wheezers. Some, from 
permanent disease in the lungs, when worked 
into more than their usual rate of breathing by 
a little labour, emit a louder and harder noise 
than that of the wheezers, and are popularly 
designated roarers; and some of this latter class, 
owing to contraction in the small passages of the 
lungs, emit a strong shrill sound in quick breath- 
ing, and are designated pipers. But truly broken- 
winded horses are in a far more diseased condi- 
tion, and exhibit much more distressing symptoms, 
than any of these classes. 
A cough of a peculiar kind precedes and accom- 
panies broken-wind; it usually begins in the 
form of a common cough, yet, in many instances, 
is not observed in its commencement or its early 
stages ; it afterwards becomes chronic, and is 
accompanied with the symptoms of thick-wind ; 
and it eventually assumes a short, cutted, grunt- 
ing character, so decidedly peculiar to broken- 
wind, that a horse-dealer is instantly apprized by 
it alone of the existence of this disease. The 
mere breathing of a broken-winded horse, also, is 
both distressing and peculiar ; and exhibits the 
remarkable phenomenon of two acts of expelling 
the air for every act of inhaling it. The inspi- 
ration is both quicker and more laboured than 
in a healthy animal; and the expiration is pro- 
longed, elaborate, and painful to both lungs and. |} 
abdomen. “In the first of the two efforts of ex- 
piration, the usual muscles operate; and in the 
other, the auxiliary muscles, particularly the 
abdominal, are put on the stretch to complete 
the expulsion more perfectly ; and that being 
