068 BUD. 
close the part which has been just separated from 
the stock with wax, plunge it into water, and it 
will remain there without undergoing any alte- 
ration for a number of years. In mild, or even 
warm countries, buds have no scales, as they do 
not require them. Those trees that form an ex- 
ception to this observation, can thrive indiffer- 
ently in any climate; so that the rule holds in 
all distinct cases. The scales are considered by 
many as imperfect leaves. 
The internal structure of buds is said not to 
differ, in any respect, from that of the plumule, 
previous to its being detached from the seed. 
Some have fancied that they have seen the rudi- 
ments of every part of the tree concealed in the 
bud; and Mr. Ferber expresses high delight at 
having observed in the buds of the Hepatica and 
Pedicularis vulgaris, yet lying in the ground, the 
perfect plant of the future year. We are much 
inclined to question the accuracy of such very 
| minute observers, and, of course, are more wil- 
ling to impute any errors to optical deception 
_ than any wish to mislead. 
The bark and the pith have been generally 
considered the source of the buds; but the in- 
| genious experiments of Mr. Knight have set 
aside both of these hypotheses, and have estab- 
lished, as far as the present state of the science 
will permit, the doctrine, that they derive their 
origin from the alburnous portion of the tree. 
‘This gentleman first showed, that they do not 
originate in the pith or bark; and also, that 
Duhamel’s opinion of pre-existing germs being 
their source, is at least improbable. He then 
proves, that the “alburnous vessels at their 
termination upwards, invariably join the cen- 
tral vessels; and that these vessels, which ap- 
pear to derive their origin from the alburnous 
tubes, convey nutriment, and probably give exis- 
| tence to new buds and leaves. It is also evident, 
from the facility with which the rising sap is 
transferred from one side of a wounded tree to 
the other, that the alburnous tubes possess la- 
teral, as well as terminal orifices: and it does 
not appear improbable, that the lateral as well 
as the terminal orifices of the alburnous tubes, 
may possess the power to generate central vessels, 
which vessels evidently feed, if they do not give 
existence to the reproduced buds and leaves. 
And therefore, as the preceding experiments ap- 
pear to prove, that the buds neither spring from 
the medulla nor the bark, I am much inclined 
to believe that they are generated by central 
vessels, which spring from the lateral orifices of 
the alburnous tubes.” By interrupting the cir- 
culation in the alburnum, buds may be artifi- 
cially produced; and nature has provided means 
for their reproduction, in those cases where they 
may have been accidentally destroyed. Several 
curious facts on this subject may be obtained by 
an examination of the potato, which, like other 
tuberous roots, are studded with them. 
Buds of all kinds are formed about midsum- 
BUDDING. 
mer; after which it has been stated, “ that there 
seems to be a kind of pause in vegetation for 
about a fortnight.” Darwin imagined that a 
store of nourishing matter is collected during 
that period, which produces the apparent pause. 
The season of development is most usually that 
of the spring, when nature seems to delight in 
new products: it is then that the buds are 
evolved, and enter upon the important functions 
they are destined to perform. Nothing, how- 
ever, is known of these functions beyond the 
general result. Branches, leaves, and flowers 
are produced by buds; but what are the parti- 
cular operations by which these effects are in- 
duced? The answer is easy, but unsatisfactory. — 
Buds transpire, and in all likelihoood produce 
the same chemical changes on the atmosphere | 
with the other parts of the plant. 
BUDDING.- The propagating of ligneous | 
plants or parts of ligneous plants by grafting | 
buds or eyes of one plant upon the stocks of an- | 
other plant. While every method of ordinary 
or true grafting consists in inducing a ligneous 
portion of a stem or branch to incorporate itself 
with another stem, the art of budding consists 
in detaching a bud from all ligneous matter, | 
rendering it strictly an embryo in connexion | 
with a little cortical matter, and so inserting its 
connected cortical matter through an incision in 
the bark of another plant, that an organic union 
may be formed with its wood. Some of the best 
known and most striking examples of budding 
are our rose-trees and our finely-shaped stan- 
dard fruit-trees, the former produced by budding 
low and scrambling rose-bushes with elegant | 
flowers upon the tall, strong stems of wild rose- 
trees, and the latter by budding low and ill- | 
shaped plants with the richest varieties of fruit — 
upon the strong and well-formed stems of coarse | 
or wild fruit-trees. But though all buddings are 
closely similar to these examples in their prin- 
ciple, and though all, like the several kinds of | 
grafting, are successful only with very nearly re- | 
lated plants, yet they are considerably various in | 
both object and method. 
Escutcheon budding without an eye, is design- | 
ed simply to cover a wound or blemish in one | 
tree with a piece of the live bark of another. | 
The operator takes from a tree of the same genus 
or species as the wounded tree a. piece of bark ra- 
ther larger than the wound, forms it into a regu- 
lar shape, cuts a vacancy in the bark round the | 
wound of exactly the size and shape of the piece, 
fits the piece into the vacancy, fastens it on with | 
a ligature, and closes the edges with grafting | 
wax or clay. The wood formed immediately be- | 
low the piece is of the species of tree from which — 
the piece was taken; and, in consequence, by 
means of mere escutcheon budding without an | 
eye, patches of several kinds of wood might be © 
formed upon one tree. 
Budding with an eye and a circular escutcheon | 
is practised to equalize the distribution of flower- 
