BUTTERFLY. 
on the internal parts of the caterpillar till they 
are ready to become pupz; and they then eat 
their way through the skin, and become trans- 
formed into small oval cocoons, covered with a 
bright yellow silk, and lying clustered around 
the remains of the caterpillar. Another small 
ichneumon, Pieromalus puparum, attacks the 
caterpillar; and, in this case, the chrysalis be- 
comes brown. When caterpillars climb walls, 
enter outhouses, and effect other and similar re- 
treats, they are on their way to secluded situa- 
tions for transformation into chrysalides. 
The small white garden butterfly, Pontia rape, 
closely resembles the common cabbage butterfiy 
in every characteristic, except its being smaller. 
But its caterpillar has both a decidedly different 
appearance, and somewhat different habits. Its 
colour is light green, with a pale line along the 
back, and a whitish streak, slightly punctured 
with yellow, on each side of the belly. It feeds 
on the same plants as the common cabbage cater- 
pillar, but insinuates itself between the folds of 
their central leaves, and is so difficult to be 
reached, that it not unfrequently escapes the 
search of both gardener and cook, and finds its 
way as part of the brassica dish to the table. 
The small white garden butterfly, therefure, 
ought either to be warded off from brassica 
plants by net-covers, or caught and destroyed by 
means of net-bags. 
The green-veined white butterfly, Poniia napz, 
is the smallest of our white garden butterflies. 
| It has a white colour, inclining to yellow,—the 
tip of its upper wings dusky,—a round black 
spot near the middle of the upper wings of the 
male,—and two such spots in each of the upper 
wings of the female ; but it exhibits considerable 
variations in the depth of its colours. The cater- 
pillar has a dull green colour, lighter on the 
sides, with yellow stigmata, and covered with 
white warts, which are blackish at the tip, and 
tufted with short hair; and it feeds on many 
species of cruciferous plants, but gives a prefer- 
ence to those of the brassica genus.—Several 
other kinds of white garden butterflies have 
been described; but, though regarded by some 
entomologists as distinct species, they seem to 
be mere varieties of the three kinds which we 
have noticed. 
The hawthorn or black-veined white butter- 
fly, Preris crategi, is readily distinguishable from 
the garden white butterflies by its conspicuous, 
black wing-veins. Its antennz are somewhat 
slender, and their club the opposite of abrupt; the 
two lowest joints of its palpi are robust, the radi- 
cal one twice the length of the second, and the 
terminal one very slender, and about the same 
length as the second; and its wings are semi- 
transparent, and have a very small proportion of 
the scaly or powdery matter with which the 
wings of most other butterflies abound. The 
eges are elongated, longitudinally ribbed, of a 
bright yellow colour, and rendered weather proof 
by a strong natural coating of varnish. The 
head and neck of the caterpillar are black ; and 
the body is of a dull yellow colour, with a brown 
stripe along each side, and is pretty thickly be- 
set with hairs. After its first moulting, two 
rows of yellow spots down the back, and an in- 
termediate black line, make their appearance ; 
and at the third moulting another change in the 
distribution of the colours occurs. It feeds on 
very numerous plants of a dendritic and shrubby 
character; but shows a marked preference for 
hawthorns, sloe-bushes, pear-trees, and apple- 
trees. In some parts of continental EKurope, the 
butterfly occasionally appears in such enormous 
numbers as to be readily mistaken in the air for 
a shower of snow, and the caterpillar is often 
very destructive ; but, in England, the latter, 
though mischievous, does not inflict any exten- 
sive damage. It gnaws and mutilates the na- 
scent blossom-buds of fruit-trees, so as to render 
them abortive; but it has such gregarious habits 
that it can easily be seen and destroyed, particu- 
larly on low-growing trees and on wall-trees ; and 
even the eggs whence it emanates are pretty freely 
betrayed by their bright yellow colour, and may 
be rubbed from the leaves and branches, and de- 
stroyed. The caterpillar is also kept down by 
titmice and some other birds, by ichneumon flies, 
and by field-bugs. The chrysalis is usually formed 
about the beginning or middle of May; it has 
a yellowish-white colour, thickly spotted and 
striped with black ; and it is attached by the tail 
and a silk thread round the middle. The trans- 
formation into the imago state usually occurs 
about three weeks after the formation of the 
chrysalis. This butterfly, though probably un- 
known in Scotland, has appeared in vast num- 
bers in the south of England; and it is so ex- 
ceedingly prolific, that it possibly may become 
extensively diffused. 
The meadow - brown butterfly, Hipparchia | 
janira, is exceedingly common in every part of | 
The wings of the female have an | 
Great Britain. 
expanse of about two inches, but those of the 
male are smaller. The upper wings of the male 
are entirely brown, with a small ocellus towards 
the apex, encircled with reddish-yellow; and the | 
lower wings are usually brown, without any 
spots. 
patch of ochre-yellow,—and in the space be- 
tween this patch and the base, an obscure ting- 
ing with reddish-yellow. The caterpillar is light- 
green, with a white line along each side. It feeds 
on several grasses, but specially on the smooth- 
stalked meadow-grass, Poa pratensis, which forms 
a large element in the best herbage of pasture- 
lands, and most nutritious food of cattle. One 
of the best methods of collecting and destroying 
this caterpillar and others which feed on grasses, 
is to use a large triangular net with a horizontal 
beam in front, pushing it so smartly along the 
The upper wings of the female have in | 
the middle a large black ocellus with a white || 
pupil, — below the middle, a large transverse | 
—= 
