608 CABBAGE. 
with a succession of two or three years cropping 
of totally different vegetables. Ducks and other 
fowls afford good assistance in clearing the ground 
of slugs; and hand-picking must be practised for 
taking away caterpillars. 
Cabbage-seed is so exceedingly lable to be 
affected by natural hybridization that the saving 
of any specimen of it, perfectly true to its sub- 
variety, is a work of some nicety. The usual 
method is to select a few fine plants, and to 
| transplant them to the head in some spot as re- 
mote as possible from all other plants of the 
brassica genus; and this method is sometimes 
_ modified by selecting for them the centre of a 
| 
field of wheat or some very similarly situated spot. 
—The seed retains its vegetative power for three 
or more years; yet the seed of the immediately 
preceding season ought always to be preferred ; 
| and whenever seed of even two years old is used, 
it ought to be tested by a specimen-sowing of it 
in a flower pot, exposed to very genial heat. A 
failure of the seed-bed may occasion a serious 
loss of time, and ought to be carefully prevented. 
An ounce of seed sown broadcast is sufficient for 
a seed-bed of forty square feet ; and less is suffi- 
cient, when sown in drills, six or seven inches 
asunder. Half a pound of seed will produce 
more plants than can be grown upon an acre. 
When cabbages are given to milk-cows, all 
| leaves which are not perfectly sound ought to be 
carefully stripped off, and appropriated to pigs or 
to store cattle. When cabbages are given to 
sheep or cattle, they ought to be sliced in the 
same manner as beet-root or turnips; and when 
given for fattening bullocks, they ought to be 
combined with oil-cake. A proper method of 
giving them sliced to sheep, is in troughs either 
_ on the field in which the cabbages grow, or on 
any grass-land which requires to be manured 
with the sheep’s droppings. When bolled-headed 
cabbages cannot all be successionally used before 
the commencement of winter, the portion which 
remains on the field must be gathered at one 
harvesting, and may be stored somewhat in the 
manner of turnips, but they cannot be long pre- 
served from destructive fermentation. The very 
extensive use which is made of cabbages in the 
preparation of a peculiar salted vegetable food 
by the Germans, will be separately noticed. See 
the article Saver-Kravut.—Don’s Dictionary of 
Botany.— Dr, Neill’s Fruit, Flower, and Kitchen 
Garden.—Horticultural Magazine.—Baxter’s Agri- 
culture—Marshall’s Midland Counties—Marshall’s 
West of England.—Quarterly Journal of Agricul- 
ture.—Lawson’s Agriculturist’s Manual.—Catalogue 
of the Highland Society's Museum.— Journal of the 
| Royal Agricultural Society— Magazine of Domestic 
Economy.—Doyle’s Husbandry.— Bayldon on Rents 
and Tillages.—Loudon’s Works—Randall’s Semi- 
Virgilian Husbandry.—Sproules Agriculture — 
Low’s Agriculture—Gardener’s Magazine.—Mil- 
|| ler’s Dictionary.—British Husbandry.—hhamn.— 
Young.—Mawe. 
CACALIA. 
CABBAGEH-TREE, botanically Aveca. A genus 
of deciduous tropical trees, of the palm tribe. 
The medicinal or catechu species, Areca catechu, 
grows naturally in the Hast Indies, and was in- 
troduced thence to the hothouses of Great Bri- 
tain toward the close of the 17th century. It 
usually attains a height of about 30 feet ; and has 
somewhat the appearance of a gigantic specimen 
of the cow cabbage. Its timber is used in India 
for roofing-rafters and similar purposes, Its 
nuts, when very young and tender, are used as a 
chief ingredient in a decoction which is prescribed 
for costiveness consequent on dyspepsia; and, 
when full grown, they are chewed with the betel 
leaf. The spatha, or tough, fibrous, vegetable 
covering of the nuts is manufactured by the Hin- 
doos into caps, small umbrellas, dishes, buckets, 
and vessels for holding water and arrack; and 
the inside part of it readily separates from the 
outside part, and has an appearance like fine 
white China paper, and can be written upon with 
ink.—The oleraceous species, Areca oleracea, grows 
40 or 45 feet high, and is cultivated in India for 
the culinary use of its produce.—The dwarf spe- 
cles, Areca humilis, grows to the height of about 
six feet, and is also cultivated in India. Seven 
other species, the red, the slender, the Manicot, 
the triandrous, the mountain, the lutescent, and 
the hairy-coated, have been introduced to the 
hothouses of Britain,—three from the Isle of 
France, two from South America, and two from 
respectively the East and the West Indies; and 
all these seven have an ornamental character. 
Several other species are known to botanists. 
The name of cabbage-tree is also sometimes given 
to the cow-cabbage and to the Klein’s species of 
cacalia, 
CACALIA. A genus of plants, of the ground- 
sel division of the composite family. Their name 
means ‘ exceedingly evil,’ and alludes to their 
powerfully detrimental action upon the soil. Up- 
wards of thirty species have been introduced to 
the gardens of Britain, from both the old world 
and the new, and from both the southern hemi- | 
sphere and the northern; and about thirty other 
species have been scientifically described. Nearly 
one-half of the introduced species are evergreen 
undershrubs, four are evergreen herbs, one is an 
evergreen creeper, two are tuberous-rooted per- 
ennials, three are annuals, and most of the others 
are deciduous, herbaceous perennials. Most are 
curious and interesting; and about one-third are 
beautiful. We shall briefly notice two or three 
as specimens of the whole. 
The alpine species, Calcalia alpina, is a hardy, 
perennial-rooted, herbaceous, ornamental plant, 
of the mountains of Austria and Switzerland, 
and was introduced to Britain in the former half | 
of last century. Its root is fleshy and spread- — 
ing; its leaves rise in profusion from the crown 
of the root, each standing on a single footstalk, 
and shaped like the leaf of ground-ivy, but 
thicker in texture, white on their under-surface, 
