weight of about 14 lb. of a mass of nearly the 
consistence of lime in a state of mortar. Wher- 
ever, therefore, a case occurs in which circum- 
stances may render an operation inexpedient, or 
where, for example, the calculus is situated in 
the pelvis of the kidneys, muriatic acid should at 
once be employed; and if the calculi in our her- 
bivorous animals are always composed of mere 
carbonate of lime and animal matter, the opera- 
tion may be entirely dispensed with. A weak 
solution of muriatic acid might even be injected 
into the bladder, either in the male or female, by 
which the substances would be dissolved with 
great rapidity.” See the article Stone In THE 
| BLADDER. 
Pulmonary calculi are sometimes formed in the 
lungs of persons who are labouring under pul- 
monary consumption. They are of various sizes 
from a minute concretion to a hard irregular 
mass of about the bulk of an almond; they usually 
consist of bone-earth; they sometimes adhere to 
_ the tissue of the lungs, but more frequently lie 
| imbedded in the tubercular deposits; and, in 
| some instances, they pass with the purulent dis- 
charge into the air-tubes, and are brought away 
by expectoration.—Various kinds of calculi, con- 
| sisting principally of carbonate of lime, bone- 
earth, and animal cementing matter, occur in 
scrophulous, fungous, and cancerous growths on 
the exterior parts of the body,—in the interior 
of the muscles of the brain, and of other organs, 
where they partake in some degree of the char- 
acter of ossifications,—and round small hard 
nuclei in any of the interior vessels, where these 
| experience the play and the abrasions of the se- 
cretive juices.—Some small and peculiar calculi 
are formed also within the vascular system, and 
occasion rigidity of the arteries, and diseases of 
the heart.—Calculi of great hardness, a white 
colour, and various shapes, and usually consist- 
ing of pure bone-earth, are sometimes formed in 
the cerebrum or cerebellum of the horse, and oc- 
casion first irritation and increasing stupor, and 
afterwards sudden and fatal inflammation. 
CALDASIA. See Bonprannpra. 
CALENDAR. A recorded distribution of the 
divisions of the year, upon scientific principles, 
and for practical uses. The kalendz or kalends 
of the Romans comprised the first day of every 
month, and have bequeathed their name, in the 
modified form of calendar, to all systematic dis- 
tributions of the months. A natural calendar is 
the indication of the seasons by the phenomena 
of meteorology, the economy of the lower ani- 
mals, and especially the leafing, flowering, fruit- 
ing, and hybernating of the different kinds of 
plants; and an artificial calendar is either a re- 
_ gister of the natural appearances and out-of-door 
work peculiar to the respective seasons and parts 
of seasons, or a distribution of the year into parts 
and subdivisions corresponding to the revolutions 
of the earth and the succession of the seasons. 
An almanac differs from a calendar in the last of 
iF 
CALENDAR. 
625 
these senses, chiefly by adding to it a register of 
celestial phenomena, and of festivals and other 
remarkable days. 
The several calendars used by the ancients 
have either been abolished or very greatly modi- 
fied. The Greek or Attic calendar distributed 
the year into twelve lunar months, of alternately 
29 and 30 days; and intercalated a lunar month, 
for the most part, every two years; yet occasion- 
ally omitted the intercalary month, so as to make 
the regular months recur at exactly the same na- 
tural seasons. This calendar also divided each of 
its months into three decades. The original Ro- 
man calendar assigned only 304 days to a year, 
distributed these into ten months of unequal 
length, and reckoned March as the first month 
of the ten; and the nomenclature of the last 
four months of this calendar is still retained in 
our own usages,—the names September, October, 
November, and December, signifying simply the 
seventh, the eighth, the ninth, and the tenth 
months. A subsequent Roman calendar, estab- 
lished by Numa, assigned 355 days to the year, 
distributed these into twelve months, and inter- 
calated, between the 23d and the 24th of Feb- 
ruary, In‘every second year, a month of variable 
length. The Julian calendar, established by 
Julius Cesar, and continuing, with slight change, 
to be used till the present day, assigned 365 days | 
to the year, distributed these among the twelve 
months in the proportions still observed, and ap- | 
pointed a twenty-ninth or intercalary day to be 
added, in every fourth year, to the month of 
February. ‘The Gregorian calendar, established 
by Pope Gregory XII. in 1582, adjusted the 
Julian calendar to more accurate astronomical | 
observation of the actual length of the true year, 
by ‘ altering the style,’ or throwing out ten days 
of the year in which it was established, between 
the 4th and the 15th of October, and by ordain- 
ing that, in all time to come, the intercalary or 
leap-year day of the first hundredth, the second 
hundredth, and the third hundredth year of 
every four hundred years, should not be reck- 
oned ; and this new calendar is, in consequence, 
simply the Julian one, with a deduction of three 
days in every four hundred years; or it consti- 
tutes what is popularly called the new style, 
while the Julian calendar constitutes what is 
popularly called the old style. The new calen- 
dar or new style was adopted in England, in the 
year 1752, by the elision of eleven days between 
the 2d and the 14th of September; and in the 
same year, an English statute changed the com- 
mencement of the legal year from the 25th of 
March till the 1st of January. 
The Romans called the first day of the months 
kalends; the seventh day of March, May, July, 
and October, and the fifth day of the other 
months, nones; and the fifteenth day of March, 
May, July, and October, and the thirteenth day 
of the other months, zdes; and they named any 
individual day, not in relation to the whole of 
