eee 
and ventilation. January is a principal season for 
the bringing forth, the rearing, and the fattening of 
swine, yet more for the first of these than for the se- 
cond and the third. A sow and her pigs must be kept 
in a sty, and fed with dairy-wash out of cisterns, and 
with potatoes, parsnips, carrots, cabbages, or other 
food stored for them in autumn; and they ought al- 
ways to be well littered, and perfectly clean. Though 
winter pigs are often pronounced unprofitable, they 
will certainly yield a fair return if treated with great 
care, and fed with due regard to economical accumu- 
lations from the dairy and the store-houses. Last 
year’s early pullets begin to lay about the first of 
January, or even a few days earlier; and such as 
seem backward to lay should be fed with buck wheat 
or barley. 
A most important general rule in farming is to keep 
horses constantly employed; it is altogether indis- 
pensable in order to avert loss from the great expense 
of purchasing and feeding horses; and, in no month 
of the year, is it so difficult of observance, or does it 
require such multiplicity of accommodation, as in 
January. The soil is, for the most part, either 
bound up with frost or saturated with moisture; yet 
when at any time open and comparatively dry, it may 
be worked with the plough. During open though 
wettish weather, all practicable carting upon roads 
may be done, particularly in communicating with the 
market-towns, and in bringing home distant manures ; 
during frost, the carting of manure on the farm it- 
self, and especially the removal of composts, ought 
| to be. performed; and during either open or frosty 
weather, the bringing home of fuel and of mineral 
manures, and cart-work over all the most facile parts 
of the farm may be extensively practised. January 
is eminently a season of thrashing, whether with ma- 
chinery or with the flail; and it is also a principal 
season for hedging, ditching, and draining. See the 
articles THRASHING, Fencres, and DrarIninc. In 
peculiar circumstances, as when the weather is very 
open and genial, or when a dry January follows a 
wet December, or when the land, throughout the 
preceding autumn, was saturated with moisture, a 
field sowing of Mazagan beans may be made in Jan- 
uary. Woodlands should now be drained and open- 
ed; and woods and coppices which are not valuable 
for their bark may be felled. All water-cuts made 
in autumn for keeping arable fields dry should now 
| be examined, and freed from obstructions of weeds, 
ice, or snow. Lime-burning, when part of the eco- 
nomy of a farm, may be performed at any time in 
January, or throughout the winter. If snow be not 
very deep and falling, the quarrying of stones and 
the building of exclosures for mountain improvement 
may proceed. 
The Kitchen Garden.—The produce of the open 
ground of the kitchen garden available for January, 
comprises potatoes, turnips, Jerusalem artichokes, 
beet-root, parsnips, carrots, borecoles, cabbages, sa~ 
voys, cabbage-sprouts, broccoli, cauliflower, spinach, 
cardoons, celery, endive, eschalots, horse-radish, 
garlic, onions, leeks, rocambole, sage, scorzonera, 
salsafy, skirret-root, and thyme; and that of the 
hotbeds of the kitchen garden comprises sea-kale, 
asparagus, cucumbers, lettuces, rhubarb-stalks, mint, 
mushrooms, mustard, and eresses. 
A small sowing of early horn carrots may be made, 
in dry and open weather, in the beginning or middle of 
January, in a warm spot of the garden, to come into 
use a little before the general spring-sown crop.—A 
small sowing of short-topped radishes may be made any 
time in January, and one of salmon-radishes in the 
latter part of the month; but both must be made in 
open weather, and on a warm spot, with exposure to 
the sun. At any time of the month, a little spinach 
may be sown for early spring use. In the latter part 
of the month, some curled parsley may be sown for 
CALENDAR. 
early spring use. Toward the end of the month, in 
mild weather, strong plants of any of the larger sorts 
of cabbage may be transplanted. either at distances 
of 24 feet for full growth, or at half these distances 
for thinning. In the beginning of the month, if the 
work have previously been omitted, cabbages, bore- 
coles, savoys, and other brassicas may be transplanted 
to the head to produce seed. On any dry day previ- 
ous to frost, such celery as requires the operation 
should be earthed up. On any dry day, which has 
been preceded by a little drought, some of the largest 
endives may be prepared for blanching. In the early 
part of the month, potato onions should be planted. 
In mild open weather, small sowings of any of the 
early sorts of garden beans may be made; and both 
in the beginning and toward the end of the month, 
in open weather, some ground should be prepared for 
the main crops of Sandwich, Windsor, and other broad 
beans. In the beginning of the month, a sowing of 
hotspur pease may be made ona warm plot of ground, 
to succeed the sowings of November and December. 
In dry weather, after a few days of drought, advanc- 
ing crops of autumn and winter-sown beans and pease 
should be earthed up. At various times of the month, 
hotbeds may be prepared for cucumbers and melons, 
sowings of these plants may be made, and the seed- 
lings of previous sowings may be pricked out, In 
mild and dry weather, lettuces may be sown or may 
be transplanted to force; and, according to vicissi- 
tudes of weather, lettuces in frames or under hoop- 
arches must be laid open to the air, or thoroughly 
covered from the weather. At any time of the 
month, hotbeds may be made for forcing asparagus, 
preparations effected for forcing rhubarb, and small | | 
hotbeds made for mint, tansy, and similar plants. 
Throughout the month, careful attention must be 
paid to mushroom beds; and in suitable weather, 
new beds may be made,—though these will always 
be inferior to beds made in autumn. | 
The Fruit Garden.—The fruits of home growth 
available for use in January are almonds, grapes, 
chestnuts, walnuts, filberts, several varieties of 
pears, and numerous varieties of apples. —In January, 
all previously unpruned apple-trees and pear-trees 
upon walls and espaliers should be pruned; plum- 
trees and cherry-trees, on walls and espaliers, should | 
be pruned and nailed ; old gooseberry-bushes and cur- 
rant-bushes should be pruned, and new ones may be 
planted; raspberry-bushes should be pruned and 
planted; fruit-trees, whether for walls, espaliers, or 
standards, may be planted; old standard fruit-trees 
should be pruned; newly-planted fruit-trees should 
be supported with stakes, and have their roots pro- 
tected by coverings of litter; and strawberries may 
be planted on a hotbed, to produce fruit for use in 
March or April. 
The Flower Garden.—In open dry weather, in 
January, anemones, ranunculuses, tulips, snowdrops, 
jonquils, gladioluses, fritillaries, crocuses, hyacinths, 
bulbous irises, narcissuses, and other similar hardy 
or half-hardy bulbous roots may be planted; roses, 
lilacs, honeysuckles, and most other hardy flowering 
shrubs may be planted; the suckers of roses, lilacs, 
and other hardy shrubs which are most easily pro- 
pagated from suckers, may be taken off and trans~ 
planted; edgings of thrift or boxwood may be made 
round beds or along borders; hardy trees, whether 
ornamental or economical, “for the lawn or for the 
forest, may be planted; and cuttings of honeysuckle, 
and of many kinds of flowering shrubs and ornamen- 
tal trees, may be successfully placed in the ground 
for propagation. In severe weather, whether frosty, 
snowy, or excessively rainy, potted auriculas should | 
be placed in frames or under mat-awnings; fine pot- 
ted carnations should be covered with glass if in 
frames, or with mats if in a bed of compost beneath 
an arch of hoops; beds of hyacinths, of fine tulips, 
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