fumigate aphides, and syringe, wash, or smear peach 
and nectarine trees attacked by minute fungi. 
The Flower Garden.—In June, most hardy annuals 
should be thinned, and many may be transplanted; 
all the half-tender annuals, and some of the more 
tender ones, may be removed into beds, borders, or 
other parts of the open ground; very tender annuals, 
designed to occupy the stages of the greenhouse 
while the perennials are turned into the open air, 
should be watered and otherwise attended to; some 
kinds of hardy annuals, such as mignonette, ten- 
weeks’ - stock, candytuft, nemophila, gilia, and 
clarkia, may still be sown; the bulbs of such tulips, 
crown-imperials, anemones, and other bulbous and 
tuberous-rooted plants as are decaying in the leaf, 
should be taken up, and their offsets separated ; 
autumnal flowering bulbous-rooted plants may be 
transplanted; perennial fibrous-rooted plants, such 
as double rockets and double scarlet lychnis, may be 
propagated from cuttings of the flower-stalks; the 
seedlings of biennials and perennials should be trans- 
planted; dahlias should be staked, and drooping her- 
baceous plants supported; carnations, pinks, mule- 
pinks, and double sweetwilliams should be layered 
or piped; box-edgings should be cut, all flowering 
plants which are in any degree succulent should be 
watered; caterpillars and other insects should be 
sought out and destroyed; lawns and grass walks 
should be mown; and borders, beds, gravel walks, 
and all other parts of the garden ought to be kept 
quite free from weeds and in the neatest and most 
orderly condition. 
JULY. i 
Phenomena. —July is well known to be, on the 
average, the hottest month in the year. Summer, 
in all its fervour, brilliance, and occasional sultriness, 
is now triumphant.—In some years, nearly all July 
is thundery and sultry; in others, especially when 
south-west winds blow without intermission, much 
of it is very wet; and in a few, it has an average 
cold as great as generally prevails in September or 
| the first half of May; but in the majority, it is clear, 
| hot, brilliant, and comparatively dry. 
The thermo- 
meter usually ranges between 48° and 62° by night, 
and between 64° and 84° by day; and it has a mean 
height on the average of many years, of about 63° ; 
but it has sometimes stood, for several successive 
days, at or near 85°, and has been known to rise so 
high as 99°. The barometer ranges 0°81, and has 
a mean height of 29°88. The prevailing winds are 
from the south-west, with intermissions from the 
south-east. ‘The mean fall of rain is about 2} 
inches; and the mean evaporation is nearly four 
inches. 
In the early part of July, pinks and carnations are 
in their glory, lavender is in flower, and puff-balls 
and tremella nostoc appear; in the middle part of the 
month, lilies are in their glory, potatoes are in flower, 
asparagus is in fruit, and gooseberries and raspberries 
are ripe; and in the latter part of the month, devil’s 
bit, burnet, saxifrage, nightshade, and a profusion 
of other plants are in flower. Among the multitude 
and almost myriads of flowers which render July 
the grand season of floral triumph, a few of the most 
conspicuous, are, in the shrubbery, cistuses, itea, 
fuschias, roses, rose-acacia, leriodendron, brooms, 
buttonwood, honeysuckle, jasmine, rosemary, and 
bramble ; and in the parterre, campanulas, rockets, 
saxifrages, stocks, scarlet lychnis, veronicas, lupines, 
pinks, lavateras, carnations, candytuft, sweet-pease, 
sweet-sultan, ornithogalums, pansies, nasturtiums, 
marvel of Peru, African marigold, larkspurs, irises, 
scarlet-runners, columbines, cockscombs, globe-flow- 
ers, French marigold, golden-rod, catchfly, honesty, 
balsams, amaranths, calceolarias, cinerarias, petunias, 
salvias, gladioli, feverfew, lobelias, clarkias, Chinese 
CALENDAR. 
pinks, columbines, pentstemons, hollyhock, spider- 
wort, sweetwilliam, and sunflowers. 
In the early part of July, the stone curlew some- 
times whistles, the golden-crested wren sometimes 
chirps, and the cuckoo ceases to sing; in the middle 
part of the month, frogs migrate, hens moult, the frog- 
hopper abounds, and the quail is heard; and in the 
latter part of the month, partridges fly, the great 
horsefly appears, and swallows are untiringly on the 
wing in pursuit of flies and other insects. During 
the hotter portion of many of the days, the greater 
part of animated nature sinks into lassitude, retreats 
into shelter, or drops into repose; birds languish, 
and secrete themselves in the woods; sheep court 
the shade and coolness of lofty enclosures; horses 
crowd beneath the shade of umbrageous trees; cows 
stand ruminating in the cool pond; swine revel in 
the mire; and insects alone seem to retain their 
activity, and to find mirth and buoyancy in the fiery 
sunbeams. 
The Farm.— All cows, oxen, and weaned calves 
may be kept wholly at grass throughout July; or if a 
proper succession of soiling crops have been provided, 
any reasonable number of beasts may, during every 
day of the month, receive abundance of food in the 
yard or the stall. Beasts in the field ought to be 
daily, however generally, inspected; and as high 
fed ones are apt to break bounds, the fences ought 
to be maintained in perfectly good condition. All 
sheep, during July, ought to have access to shade 
and pure water; and ewes intended for breeders 
ought to be well kept, in order that they may be in 
a healthy and strong state for the ram in August. 
Horses should continue to receive a portion of green 
food during each day, and may be allowed to remain 
in pasture fields during the whole of each night; and 
as their labour will be diminished towards the middle 
of the month, they may then begin to receive a 
diminished allowance of corn. Weaned pigs and 
sows that have pigs may now receive such lettuces 
as were early sown on rich warm land; or the whole 
stock of swine may be fed on clover, chicory, lucerne, 
or garden beans. Dairy wash may now accumulate 
in the cisterns for sows and weaned pigs, for a time 
when they shall have more need of it than at present. 
Sows ought to be kept away from the boar from the 
beginning of July till the middle of November, in 
order that they may not farrow in winter. 
In the course of July, the turnip and the potato 
crops must again be hoed; and toward the end of the 
month, they may be set up by the double mould- 
board plough. In any part of the month, cole-seed 
may be sown upon land prepared in the same manner 
as for turnips; and in cases in which a second sowing 
of turnips may have failed, cole-seed may, toward 
the end of the month, be sown asa substitute. Cab- 
bages planted in April or May, and horse-hoed in 
June, may possibly not need further attention till 
August, yet, when necessary, ought now to receive 
attention and labour. Weld must be pulled. Crops 
of carrots and parsnips must be hoed. 
are now so high that, when hoeing is necessary, they 
must receive it with caution. Lucerne may again 
be cut; and if it was drilled for horse-hoeing, the in- 
tervals must be directly horse-hoed the contrary way 
to the last. Crops of burnet left for seed are now 
fit for mowing ; and, in order to prevent the shedding 
of the seed, they must be mown with great care. 
All meadows and pastures, not mown in June, should 
now be cut. Bare fallows ought to be duly and sedu- 
lously worked, and not, by any means, neglected for 
the sake of haymaking and of preparations for harvest. 
The carting of marl, chalk, clay, and mud may still 
proceed. Madder planted late in May or early in June 
must now be hoed. Forward white pease are ready to 
be cut in the former part of the month; some barley 
may probably be ready toward the end of the month; 
639 
Crops of beans’ 
———— 
