| ries. 
640 
and some wheat, when the practice is adopted of cut- 
ting it ten days before it is ripe, may also be ready. 
Any crop of wheat which shows symptoms of being 
attacked by mildew must, with all expedition, be cut. 
Buckwheat, when sown so very late as the first week 
of July, sometimes succeeds well, and yields a large 
crop. Paring and burning may still proceed. The work 
of warping ought to make progress with every tide. 
The Kitchen Garden.—The produce of the kitchen 
garden available for use in July comprises potatoes, 
turnips, beet, carrots, beans, pease, artichokes, gar- 
lic, onions, leeks, eschalots, rocambole, cabbages, 
cauliflowers, angelica, balm, spinach, horse-radish, 
kidney-beans, basil, borage, thyme, sorrel, burnet, 
chives, chervil, savory, tansy, cucumbers, melons, 
cresses, endive, sage, rosemary, fennel, marjoram, 
mint, marigold, mustard, purslane, mushrooms, ra- 
dishes, and parsley.—In July, sow broccoli, endive, 
kidney-beans, rape, mustard, radishes, cresses, onions, 
carrots, turnips, lettuces, borecoles, cabbages, pease, 
and beans; gather seeds of all sorts of garden plants 
as they ripen; transplant cabbages, savoys, borecoles, 
broccoli, endive, cauliflowers, leeks, celery, and let- 
tuces; hoe advancing crops of cauliflowers, and shade 
| with their own leaves large heads of nearly matured 
crops; earth up the crops of celery which were plant- 
| ed in May and June; pull full-grown garlic, onions, 
| eschalots, and rocambole; prune crowded melons, 
and plant cuttings of them for a succession crop; 
protect melons from heavy rain, and shade or fumi- 
gate such as are attacked by the red spider; give co- 
pious daily waterings to cucumbers; remove from the 
lower part of the stems the smallish heads of arti- 
chokes and cardoons, so as to promote the full de- 
velopment of the larger heads; gather sage-tops, la- 
vender-spikes, chamomile flowers, and plants of pen- 
nyroyal, hyssop, mint, balm, marjoram, and other 
aromatic herbs, and place them to dry for winter’s 
use; plant, early in the month, slips of sage, hyssop, 
rue, lavender, savory, and other perennial herbs; 
water, during dry weather, all such plants as have 
been recently transplanted, and clear away all leaves 
and stems of plants which have ceased to bear. 
The Fruit Garden.—.The home-grown fruits avail- 
able for use in July are walnuts, almonds, apples, 
_ pears, gooseberries, currants, cherries, figs, grapes, 
apricots, peaches, nectarines, plums, and strawber- 
In July, prune such wall-trees as have not 
previously received their summer pruning; bud plants 
of cherries, plums, apricots, peaches, and nectarines ; 
prone and regulate fig-trees; clear away redundant 
shoots of vines; destroy snails and wasps on wall- 
trees; apply the suitable wash to peach-trees, nec- 
tarine-trees, and other plants attacked with mildew ; 
and displace shoots from the stocks of trees grafted 
in the present year or budded in the last. 
The Flower Garden.—In July, support and water 
choice carnations ; propagate carnations, pinks, mule 
pinks, and double sweetwilliams by layering and 
piping; remove tender annuals from the frames or 
glass-cases to the greenhouse, the conservatory, or 
the open border; remove and transplant such young 
carnations as were layered in June; transplant bien- 
nials and fibrous-rooted perennials sown in spring or 
in the beginning of summer ; remove weeds and dead 
leaves from potted auriculas ; transplant seedling pri- 
mule; take up such bulbous roots as the decaying 
state of the leaves indicates to be ripe; propagate va- 
rious kinds of perennial plants by cuttings; and keep 
all the implements, appliances, and methods of gar- 
den culture and garden cleanliness in full and labo- 
rious operation for the maintenance of neatness and 
perfect order, 
AUGUST. 
Phenomena.—August is generally the most plea- 
sant month in the year. In some years, it is hotter 
CALENDAR. 
than July; and in very rare years, it is either unsea- 
sonably cold or exceedingly thundery; but, in the 
great majority of years, it possesses a maximum of 
the delights of summer, with a minimum of its dis- 
agreeables, or most pleasantly blends the characters 
of summer with those of autumn. Most of its nights 
are close and warm; and many of its days have a 
temperature ranging between 62° and 80°. The 
thermometer, on the average of many years, has a 
mean height of 62°; but it has been known to stand, 
during several successive days, at a height of between 
85° and 90°; and it is recorded to have repeatedly 
risen to 96°. The barometer ranges 1-02 inch; and 
has a mean height of 29°85 inches. The mean fall 
of rain is about 14 inch; and the mean evaporation 
is 8°8 inches. The winds are similar to those of 
July. 
In the early part of August, some grains have rip- 
ened, others are rapidly ripening, and rue, burdock, 
melilot, and yellow succory are in flower; in the 
middle parts of the month, meadow-rue, wild clary, 
ploughman’s spikenard, potamogetons, and polygo- | 
nums are in flower; and in the latter part of the 
month, the earlier kinds of hardy kernel fruits are 
ripe, and teasel, autumnal crocus, and numerous other 
plants are in flower. Some of the most conspicuous 
of the multitudinous garden flowers of August, are, 
in the shrubbery, cistuses, passion-flowers, spirceas, 
trumpet - flower, tamarisk, clematis, leriodendron, 
broom, rose-acacia, roses, fuschias, jasmines, honey- 
suckles, and yuccas; and, in the parterre, hollyhocks, 
mallows, sunflowers, golden-rod, scarlet-runners, 
amaranths, asters, campanulas, nigella, lupines, cocks- | 
combs, columbines, phloxes, petunias, lobelias, ver- 
benas, salvias, African marigolds, French marigolds, 
dahlias, catchfly, china-aster, candytuft, starwort, 
sweetwilliam, tricolor, capsicum, balsam, carnations, 
mesembryanthemums, convolvulus,nasturtium, fever- 
few, marvel-ot-Peru, collinsia, nemophila, Indian | 
pinks, zinnias, sweet pease, lavateras, stocks, and a 
profusion of other summer and autumn flowers, be- 
sides occasional reappearances of wallflowers, primu- 
le, and some other spring flowers. 
In the early part of August, bees kill their drones, 
and flying-ants and the gorgeous swallow-tailed but- 
terfly make their appearance ; in the middle parts of 
the month, several birds resume singing, swallows 
and young martins begin to congregate, swifts begin 
to depart, the black-eyed marble butterfly appears, 
and the burrel-fly lays its eggs on horses; and in the 
latter part of the month, rooks roost on their nest- 
trees, and numerous birds, particularly robins, owls, 
and stone-curlews, utter their peculiar notes or calls. 
Insects so abound in August as most visibly to people 
both the air and the waters. 
most insects and of some other animals are now com- 
pleted. Caterpillars and maggots can no longer be 
seen; moths and butterflies emulate the birds in at 
once number, movements, and beauty; the frog has 
emerged from the tadpole, and leaves its watery home 
to enjoy its gymnastics upon the land; and the liv- 
ing inmates of many kinds of eggs, from the micro- 
scopic to the great in size, have burst from their im- 
prisonment, and luxuriate in the energies and feats of 
life according to their several organizations and in- 
stincts. ‘The owl may now be seen, and more fre- 
quently heard, uttering its lugubrious screech; the 
weak-eyed bat flies with endless evolutions and with 
short shrill shriek, in pursuit of the moths and other 
insects which revel in the evening air; the glow-worm 
occasionally lights up its tiny lamp by the hedge-side ; 
and large black slugs may frequently be seen creep- 
ing across the shady paths of lanes and gardens, 
either luxuriating in the moisture of past showers, 
or affording a prognostic of showers to come. 
The Farm.—Throughout August, cows, steers, 
calves, and all kinds of sheep may be kept constantly 
The transformations of | 
