at grass; and horses may continue to be treated in 
the same manner as during the latter half of July. 
Lambs and eld ewes designed to be sold should now 
be separated from the rest of the stock, and may per- 
haps be advantageously disposed of at some of the 
nearest August lamb fairs. Breeding ewes which 
have been well kept and are in good condition should 
now receive the ram, in order to the producing of 
early fat lambs. Many sows now produce their 
second litter of pigs; and both they and the pigs 
should be fed on such skimmed. milk, buttermilk, and 
cheese-whey as have been accumulating in the cis- 
terns throughout the preceding months. 
The reaping and harvesting of wheat and of other 
valuable crops is usually so chief and prominent a 
part of the farm-work of August, as to give a dis- 
tinctive character to the month, and to impart a per- 
vading feature to the landscapes of all the arable dis- 
tricts of the country. Reapers should have been en- 
gaged, the stalk-yard should have been cleared, and 
all minor preparations should have been made; and 
the whole work of reaping and harvesting must be car- 
ried on with all possible energy and judgment, in 
adaptation to the ripening of the crops and the vicissi- 
tudes of the weather. In the beginning of the month, 
rape, if intended for a crop to reap, may be sown; 
about the same time, the second horse-hoeing should 
| be given to the crop of cabbages planted at midsum- 
mer; in the course of the month, cabbages and bore- 
coles for transplanting in April must be sown, the 
broadcast crops of turnips should receive a hand-hoe- 
ing, potato crops must, if necessary, receive a hand- 
hoeing, and another cutting of lucerne should be 
made; and in the last week of the month, cabbages 
may be drill-sown in ridges on situations whence they 
are not to be transplanted. In wet days, when 
horses cannot be employed in carting home crops, 
and when all the harvest men are employed in reap- 
ing and mowing, or on other leisure or available days 
of the reaping and harvesting period, bare fallows 
ought to undergo a continuation of tillage and manu- 
rial preparation, and the bottom layer of the farm- 
yard may be formed, extended, or completed, by the 
| carrying to it of marl, chalk, turf, ditch-scourings, 
or pond-mud, In August also, such hay as js ready, 
should be brought home to the farmery and stacked; 
a portion of stock may be turned into the sainfoin 
fields which were mown in June; hemp, at thirteen 
weeks’ distance from the time of sowing, should be 
pulled; flax also must be pulled; and lands intended 
for pasture—especially such as have strong, wet, or 
heavy soils—ought to be laid down to grass, 
The Kitchen Garden.—The produce of the kitchen 
garden available for use in August comprises potatoes, 
turnips, cabbages, savoys, onions, leeks, eschalots, 
rocambole, artichokes, love-apples, pease, beans, 
beet, spinach, parsley, radishes, horse-radish, purs- 
lane, angelica, water-cresses, balm, borage, endive, 
cucumbers, melons, mushrooms, fennel, French fénnel, 
garlic, burnet, cauliflower, marjoram, sage, thyme, 
lavender, carrots, celery, lettuces, chives, mustard, 
chervil, marigold, mint, rosemary, savory, sorrel, 
spinach and tansy. In August, sow, in the open 
ground, cabbages, borecoles, savoys, onions, carrots, 
radishes, turnips, mustard, rape, cress, angelica, fen- 
nel, endive, chervil, and lamb-lettuce; sow, in a 
hotbed, broccoli and cauliflower; sow, in a warm 
spot of rich mellow ground, winter spinach; trans- 
plant broccoli, savoys, celery, lettuces, endive, and 
borecoles; weed and thoroughly clean asparagus 
beds; remove the smaller and lower heads of arti- 
chokes; hoe and handweed all crops which require 
cleaning; earth up the cardoons which were planted 
in June; take up eschalots and garlic as soon as 
their leaves begin to decay ; gather mint, pennyroyal, 
and other aromatic herbs for distillation just as they 
are coming into flower; cut down, shorten, gather, 
He , 
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641 
and otherwise manage perennial-rooted aromatic 
herbs for family use; gather seeds from all sorts of 
plants as they ripen; give due attention to melons 
and cucumbers; and give a fumigation of tobacco to 
cucumbers in order to destroy the green fly. 
The Fruit Garden.— The home-grown fruits avail- 
able for use in August are apples, pears, plums, 
cherries, peaches, apricots, nectarines, currants, 
gooseberries, figs, mulberries, grapes, raspberries, 
and strawberries._-In August, give another examin- 
ation and dressing to vines, peach-trees, nectarine- 
trees, apricot-trees, and other wall-trees; carefully 
gather wall fruits; clean and reduce to perfect neat- 
ness fruit-tree borders; apply a little oil to maturing 
figs, and give them all possible advantage from the 
play of sunshine; loosen the bandages from all stocks 
and trees which were budded in July; and protect 
wall-fruit from insects and birds. 
The Flower Garden.—In August, give very fre. 
quent waterings to plants in pots; shift potted auri- 
cula plants into fresh compost; lift auricula plants in 
the open ground, divide their roots, and transplant 
each piece into newly dug and manured soil; prick 
out and transplant seedling auriculas and other prim. 
ule; remove and transplant layered carnations; thin 
out and transplant piped carnations and pinks; trans- 
plant scedling biennals and perennials; cut box and 
thrift edgings; trim hawthorn, hornbeam, privet, 
holly, yew, lime, elm, and beech hedges; gather 
seeds of all sorts of plants as they ripen; give con- 
stant attention to the keeping of lawns, walks, bor- 
ders, and the whole garden in perfect order; and to- 
ward the end of the month, propagate fibrous-rooted 
perennial plants, by slips and by division of the roots. 
SEPTEMBER, 
Phenomena.—September is often characterized as 
the most healthy month in the year, It occasionally 
has proved the hottest month; it has, in very rare 
instances, been known to have some frost and even 
snow; but, in general, it concentrates all the most 
agreeable properties of the temperate zone. Though 
the mean temperature is very sensibly fallen from 
that of July and August, yet the abundant radi- 
ation of heat from the soil often renders the prevail- 
ing warmth but slightly inferior.to that of summer, 
The thermometer has a mean height of about 58°, 
and usually ranges between 38° and §8° by night, 
and between 55° and 76° by day; but it is recorded 
to have fallen so low as some points beneath 82°, 
and to have risen so high as 89°. The barometer 
usually ranges 1:1] inch; and, has a mean height of 
29°88 inches. Thunder storms occasionally happen, 
but are usually shorter and less violent than those of 
July and August. The mean fall of rain, on the 
average of many years, is 2+ inches; and the mean 
evaporation is about 24 inches. The weather, dur- 
ing the whole of the month, is usually settled, fine, 
and bracing; and though the mornings and evenings 
are frequently cold and misty, the greater part of the 
day, in general, has a pleasant degree of heat, and a 
pure, bright and glowing atmosphere, 
The woods, the hedges, and the orchards now ex- 
hibit their various and exuberant productions, and 
challenge the admiration of observers, the care of 
cultivators, and the delight of consumers. In the 
early part of the month, the traveller’s joy is in flow- 
er, some fungi appear, and the leaves of the syca- 
more, the elm, the lime-tree, the mountain-ash, and 
the birch begin to change colour; in the middle part 
of the month, the furze, the laurel and the ivy are 
in flower, the catkins of the birch and the hazel are 
formed, and all gradations of fructification from the 
blossom to the ripe fruit are simultaneously on the 
bramble; and in the latter part of the month, hips, 
haws, and filberts are ripe, and the leaves of the 
elm, the ash, the plane-tree, the hornbeam, the 
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