into manure. 
644 
October as in September, and generally far more 
suitable in heavy soils in October than in November. 
Two successional crops of winter tares ought now to 
be sown. Successful bean husbandry upon harsh 
and difficult soils, chiefly depends upon the diligent 
ploughing and due manuring of the land in October, 
or, in favourable weather, in November. Ploughing 
for pease, for barley, for oats, and for madder must 
also be, at this time, diligently prosecuted. A very 
deep digging should at present be given for liquorice. 
In woodland districts, all fallen tree-leaves which 
can be obtained at moderate cost, should be collected 
and carted to the farm-yard for litter and conversion 
Water-courses ought to be examined, 
and kept freely open. ‘ 
The Kitchen Garden.—The produce of the kitchen 
garden available for use in October, comprises, from 
hotbeds, mint, mushrooms, mustard, cress, lettuces, 
melons, and cucumbers; and from the natural ground, 
potatoes, turnips, carrots, beet, artichokes, cabbages, 
cabbage-sprouts, savoys, pease, beans, garlic, onions, 
leeks, rocambole, eschalots, cauliflowers, radishes, 
love-apples, broccoli, celery, fennel, chervil, French 
fennel, parsley, thyme, spinach, horse-radish, kidney- 
beans, sage, smali salads, savory, sage, marjoram, and 
| sorrel._in October, sow beans, pease, radishes, car- 
rots, lettuces, and small salad herbs; transplant let- 
tuces, cabbages, borecoles, hyssop, thyme, savory, 
sage, and marjoram; uncover and cover, according 
to weather, the cauliflower-plants recently planted 
in frames; and, near the end of the month, transplant 
them into a piece of warm rich ground under hand- 
glasses; give a general hoeing to cabbages, borecoles, 
savoys, and broccoli; give a hand-weeding to winter 
spinach; make a successional tieing up of endive 
plants for blanching; give a general weeding and 
winter-dressing to beds of hyssop, thyme, sage, mint, 
pennyroyal, tansy, marjoram, tarragon, balm, sorrel, 
burnet, and chamomile ; cut down asparagus plants, 
give a winter dressing to asparagus beds, and com- 
mence the process of forcing asparagus for use in 
early winter ; earth up celery and cardoons; dig up 
crops of potatoes, full grown carrots, some parsnips, 
and some beet-roots, and store them according to the 
methods suited to their respective nature ; and com- 
mence the digging, trenching, and manuring of all 
vacant pieces of ground, in order that they may en- 
joy, throughout winter, all the fallowing advantages 
of sun, air, frost, and mineral decomposition. About 
the third week of the month, early purple broccoli 
should be put into pots; and toward the end of the 
month, a small planting of mint and tarragon for win- 
ter use may be made upon a slight hotbed or in pots 
or boxes. 
The Fruit Garden.—The home-grown fruits avail- 
able for use in October are walnuts, filberts, almonds, 
apples, pears, plums, cherries, peaches, nectarines, 
mulberries, grapes, raspberries, strawberries, goose- 
berries, and mat-preserved currants. During Octo- 
ber, gather apples and pears; head down stunted and 
barren fruit-trees, in order to make them serve as 
stocks for new grafts; give the winter-dressing to 
strawberry plantations ; propagate gooseberry bush- 
es and currant bushes from cuttings and suckers; 
propagate some other fruiting plants by cuttings and 
layers; prune standard gooseberry bushes and cur- 
rant bushes as soon as the wood of their young shoots 
is ripe; prune raspberry plants; and make new 
plantations of raspberry plants. About the middle 
or towards the end of the month, plant gooseberry 
bushes and currant bushes. In the latter part of the 
month, peach-trees, nectarine-trees, and apricot- 
trees, if their leaves have dropped, may begin to be 
unnailed; most kinds of fruit-trees may be safely 
transplanted ; and a wash of water, lime, and cow- 
urine may be applied to fruit-trees, by means of a brush 
or an engine, for the destruction of mosses and lichens. 
CALENDAR. 
The Flower Garden.—In October, prune shrubs of 
all straggling and exuberant shoots; transplant all 
kinds of fibrous-rooted biennials and perennials ; 
plant fibrous-rooted biennials and perennials in pots; | 
plant most kinds of bulbous and tuberous-rooted 
flowering plants; cut away all dead stems of herba- 
ceous perennials and tear up all decayed annuals; 
give a general weeding, cleaning, and winter-dressing 
to all borders and flowering compartments; plant all 
kinds of hardy shrubs and trees, whether deciduous 
or evergreen; prune rose-bushes, honeysuckles, and 
all such other flowering shrubs as require pruning, 
and remove from rose-bushes, lilac-trees, and all 
plants of similar habits, any suckers which they may 
have sent up; transplant ornamental trees; propagate 
deciduous shrubs by layering; prune and train ever- 
greemshrubs; remove al! pots and boxes of seedlings, 
and also, toward the end of the month, all potted 
auriculas, to a warm situation, fully exposed to the | 
sun, and as well sheltered as possible from wind and 
cold; trim any edgings and hedges which were not 
trimmed in August or September; form box-edgings 
along walks and around beds; make edgings of thrift; 
plant hedges ; clean and repeatedly roll gravel walks; 
give a close, even, and finishing mowing to lawns 
and grass walks; and remove to the greenhouse all 
such half-tender perennials as were brought out dur- 
ing summer and not placed back in September. 
the article GREENHOUSE. 
NOVEMBER. 
Phenomena.—November has the reputation of being | 
In some years, it is | 
clear, calm, and mild; and in others, it is clear, frosty, | 
the foggiest month in the year. 
and very cold; but in most, it is dark, unsettled, and 
stormy, and frequently wrapped in fogs and snows. | 
‘* We are now,” remarks Howitt, ‘‘in a month of | 
darkness, storms, and mist,—of the whirling away of 
the withered leaves, and the introduction to com- 
plete winter. ‘The flowers are gone; the long grass 
stands amidst the woodland thickets withered, bleach- 
ed, and sere; the fern is red and shrivelled amongst 
the green gorse and broom; the plants which waved 
their broad white umbels to the summer breeze, now, 
like skeleton trophies of death, rattle their dry and 
hollow branches to the autumnal winds. 
splendours of our gardens are dead; their walks are 
uninviting ; and as these summer friends of ours are 
no longer affluent and of flourishing estate, we of 
course desert them.”” The whole month is, in gene- 
ral, damp with drizzling rains, long showers, or lazy 
and murky fogs; much of it is, not unfrequently, a 
season of ceaseless rains and sleets; and the latter 
part of it is usuaily a time of wild and stormy winds, 
and, in not a few years, has been a season of the 
most tremendous tempests. Winds from between 
the south-west and the north-west exceedingly pre- 
vail, and often blow with excessive violence, and are 
accompanied with extreme depression of the baro- 
meter. ‘The temperature has a mean height of about 
42°, and usually ranges between 80° and 54°; but it 
has been known to fall so low as 19°, and to rise so 
high as 63°. The barometer ranges between 28 O01 
and 31°17; and has a mean height of 29 65. ‘The mean 
fall of rain, on the average of many years, is about 
21 inches; and the mean evaporation is about 0°76. 
The winds, on the average of years, blow 3 days 
from points about the north, 4 from about the north- 
east, 2 from about the east, 2 from about the south- 
east, 34 from about the south, 5} from about the 
south-west, 5 from about the west, and 5 from about 
the north-west. 
Though very few plants come naturally into flower 
in November, and though nearly all the hardy au- 
tumnal flowering plants are, in many years, reduced 
to utter desolation by frosts and tempests in the early 
part of this month, yet a considerable number of 
See | 
The floral | 
