CALINEA. 
CALINEA. An ornamental, climbing, tropi- 
cal plant, of the dillenia tribe. It is called by 
some botanists Calinea scandens, by others Dolvo- 
carpus calinea, and by others Tetracera ca!inea. 
It is a native of Guiana, and was introduced, 
about twenty-five years ago, to the hothouses of 
Britain. It usually grows to the height of about 
ten feet. Its flowers are yellow ; and its fruit is 
poisonous. 
CALKINS. Thin and sharp elevations of the 
hinder part of horses’ shoes, designed to prevent 
slipping in frosty weather. Calkins, as they are 
frequently made, strongly tend to strain the foot 
and damage the back sinews; and they ought to 
be shaped somewhat like the point of a hare’s ear, 
and so adjusted as to maintain an equal distri- 
bution of the horse’s pressure over the whole sur- 
face of the foot. 
CALLA. A genus of ornamental herbaceous 
plants, of the order aroideze, The Ethiopian spe- 
cles, Calla Zithiopica, was introduced to Great Bri- 
tain from the Cape of Good Hope in 1731; and 
is now one of our best known and most popular 
half-tender house-plants. Kunth and some other 
| modern botanists call it Richardia Aithiopica ; 
many of the gardeners of a former period called 
it Ethiopian or African arum; and not a few of 
the popular flower-fanciers of the present day 
call it the Egyptian lily. Its root is fleshy, tu- 
berous, and covered with a thin brown skin, and 
sends down many strong fleshy fibres. Its leaves 
rise in clusters, on footstalks more than a foot in 
length, and are eight or nine inches long, shaped 
like the point of an arrow, terminating in an 
acute backward-turned point ; they are succulent, 
and have a shining green colour; and before the 
old ones decay, young ones, which advance in 
| height during all the winter, are produced. The 
| floral footstalk rises from among the leaves to 
the height of about a yard from the ground or 
‘pot; it is thick, smooth, succulent, and of a shin- 
ing green; and it terminates in a single hood or 
spatha, with enclosed spadix and flowers. The 
hood or spatha is twisted at the bottom, but 
spreads open at the top; it is of a pure white 
colour, and seems, at a little distance, to possess 
considerable resemblance to a white lily ; and, 
though no part whatever of a corolla or true 
flower, it forms a chief beauty of the plant, and 
is popularly regarded as the flower. The spadix 
or club is situated in the centre of the hood, and 
has a herbaceous yellow colour; and the true 
flowers are situated on the spadix, and are small 
in size and herbaceous yellow in colour, and are 
so closely packed together, that the stamens can 
scarcely be distinguished from the pistils with- 
out the aid of a microscope. The fruit consists 
of roundish, fleshy berries, compressed on two 
‘sides, and each containing two or three seeds ; 
and these succeed a portion of the flowers, situ- 
ated on the top of the spadix. The bloom usually 
appears from January till’ May, and can some- 
times be prolonged till November. The plant is 
CALLIOPSIS. 
generally treated, in every part of Britain, as de- 
cidedly tender, and requiring greenhouse heat ; 
but, throughout the south of England, and in 
some other districts, it will stand all the year in 
the open ground, with no more attention than is 
usually given to fine hyacinths and anemones.— 
The perforated species, Calla pertusa—called by 
Linneus Dracontium pertusum—is a curious, 
evergreen, hothouse creeper, of about six feet in 
length ; it was introduced from the West Indies 
about the middle of last century ; its leaves are 
acrid,—and, when fresh gathered, and applied to 
the skin, they inflame and slightly blister,—and _ 
they are used, by the natives of Demerara, as a 
remedy for dropsy—The marsh species, Calla 
palustris, is a small, hardy, ornamental aquatic, | 
half a foot in height, and a native of North 
America.— Two species were introduced, not 
many years ago, from China. The name calla 
is formed from a Greek word, and means “ beau- 
tiful.” : 
CALLICARPA. A genus of ornamental shrubs, 
of the verbena tribe. The American species, Cal- — 
licarpa Americana, isa native of Virginia, Caro- || 
lina, and other parts of America, and was intro- 
duced to Britain in 1724. It has a half-tender 
habit, and usually grows to the height of about 
six feet. Its young shoots and its leaves are 
covered with a kind of woolly matter, and have 
a hoary appearance. 
pointed, beautifully serrated, and’ about three 
inches in length; and they stand opposite by | 
pairs, on moderate footstalks. Its flowers are 
produced in whorls round the twigs, at the de- 
Its leaves are roundish, | 
flexion of the leaf-stalks; they have a reddish- | 
purple colour, and appear in June and July; | 
and though individually small and inconspicuous, 
they make a fine appearance in the whorls, and | 
combine with the leaves and the habit of growth | 
to give the shrub a singular and very interesting 
appearance. 
Its berries are succulent ; they are || 
at first red, and then ripen to a deep purple; and | 
their handsome appearance gives the name calli- | 
carpa, signifying “ beautiful fruit,” to the whole 
genus.—EHleven other species, all evergreen and | 
very tender, have been introduced from Jamaica, — 
China, and the East Indies; and about a dozenad- | 
ditional species have been scientifically described. 
The timber of some one of the species is much 
used for making charcoal, in the higher provinces 
of Hindostan; and its root possesses some cele- 
brity among the natives as a remedy for certain 
cutaneous complaints. : 
CALLIOPSIS. A genus of hardy, herbaceous, 
ornamental plants, of the sunflower division of the 
composite order. 
and was formerly included in that genus; and 
it takes the name of calliopsis, which signifies 
“most beautiful eye,” from the very elegant 
appearance of its composite flowers. The two- 
coloured species, Calliopsis bicolor—formerly Co- 
reopsis tinctoria—is a hardy annual from Arkansa, 
introduced in 1822; it grows to the height of 
It is nearly allied to coreopsis, _ 
