CANAVALIA. CAN DLE. 
mutata and P. appendiculata, are recently intro- 
duced ornamental annuals; six other annual spe- 
cies, and two perennial species, introduced from 
foreign countries, possess little or no interest ; 
several species, formerly ranked as canary-grasses, 
have been assigned to four allied genera; and 
about ten or a dozen other species have been 
scientifically described.—Stnclair’s Hortus Gra- 
mineus Woburnensis. —Lawson’s Agriculturist’s 
Manual.— The Museum Rusticum.— Marshall's 
Rural Economy of the Southern Counties—Know- 
ledge Society's British Husbandry.—Low’s Agrt- 
culture.—Loudon’s Hortus Britannicus. 
CANAVALIA. A genus of climbing and trail- 
ing plants, of the kidney-bean division of the 
leguminous order. Three species have been in- 
troduced to the hothouses of Britain from India, 
and one from Jamaica; and four other species 
have been scientifically described. Most of the 
species were formerly included in the genus Do- 
lichos ; and several share in the Indian celebrity 
of that genus for furnishing grateful esculents. 
The sword-podded species, in particular, Canava- 
lia gladiata, is held in very high esteem in India 
for its culinary legumes. The species called Ca- 
navalia bonariensis, is a very beautiful climbing 
plant; and, on account of its flowering during 
the whole summer, it is an important accession 
to the greenhouse or the conservatory. Its stem 
is woody, sarmentose, and very long; its leaves 
are ternate, smooth, and shining ; and its flowers 
have a most beautiful reddish purple colour, and 
are produced in axillary racemes. Plants of this 
species can very easily be propagated by layers. 
CANCER. A virulent and gangrenous tumour, 
in any part of the body of an animal. Cancer in 
the eye completely changes the visual organism 
into a decomposing fleshy substance, which either 
abounds with irrepressible fungous growths, or 
ulcerates and wastes away; and this horrible 
disease occasionally attacks cattle, but does not 
admit of cure or even of amelioration. Cancers 
in other parts of the body of cattle are not un- 
common; and, happily, they may be either averted 
or alleviated. Tumours, which of themselves give 
little or no pain, appear on the cheeks, under the 
eyelids, in the channel between the jaws, on other 
parts of either the face or its adjuncts, or in the 
immediate vicinity of joints; and these tumours 
are frequently the precursors of cancer, or the 
niduses in which it is formed. In some instances, 
they are small, broad-based, and firmly attached ; 
and in others, they become very large, and either 
hang loose, or have a comparatively slight at- 
tachment ; but the former sort are far more likely 
to break than the latter, and often give origin to 
the most virulent cancers. When these tumours 
break, they discharge a thin and excoriating 
fluid, and form fungous wounds, whose “ proud 
flesh” will growagain and again, almost as quickly 
as it can be removed. The tumours may, in 
most instances, be so eradicated with the knife, 
that no cancerous ulcer or fungous wound will 
667 
follow; but when they break, the ulcers which 
they originate are generally incurable, yet can 
be alleviated by the use of iodine and the hydri- 
odate of potash. See the article lopinz, Cancer 
is said to have received its name from the resem- 
blance of the tumid veins of very bad cases of it 
to the claws of a crab.—Clater’s Cattle Doctor.— 
Knowledge Society’s Treatise on Catile—Turton’s 
Medical Glossary. 
CANDLE. An article so well known in do- 
mestic economy as to render any description of 
it entirely superfluous. The term is obviously 
derived from the Latin candela ; and that from 
candere, to burn. Candles are by no means a 
modern invention, though lamps seem to have 
been chiefly used by the ancients for domestic 
purposes: mention is made of something like 
candles, both of tallow and wax, and not unfre- 
quently of pitch, as having been in use amongst 
them. The wicks were originally small cords; 
afterwards, the papyrus and the pith of rushes 
were used. But the ancients seem at no time 
to have been able to produce an article in any 
degree to be compared with the candles of modern 
times. 
Candles may be manufactured from a great 
variety of substances, but those chiefly employed 
are tallow and wax. 
Tallow candles.— Candles made from tallow 
are either dipped or moulded. The first kind 
are the candles in common use, and have been 
long known in commerce; the second sort is a 
more recent invention, and claimed by a Pari- 
sian. 
The tallow employed by the candlemaker con- 
sists chiefly of ox and sheep tallow. That ob- 
tained from the hog is rarely used, on account 
of the bad smell which it has in burning, as well | 
as a thick black smoke; but chiefly on account 
of its being easily melted,—a quality of the very 
worst kind. Sheep-tallow, with a portion of 
the best ox-tallow, is set aside for the moulded 
candles. Candles made principally from sheep- 
tallow have a better gloss and firmer texture 
than those which are manufactured wholly from 
ox-tallow. The quality of the candles depends 
as much upon the care and cleanness with which 
the tallow is collected by the butcher, as upon 
the species of animal from which it is derived ; 
but, even where the greatest care is employed, 
parts of the tallow must necessarily be mixed 
with impurities which cannot afterwards be com- 
pletely separated from it. The extensive manu- 
facturer will therefore not only carefully select 
the tallow for the finer candles, and for those of 
common use, but will separate from his stock the 
inferior pieces of tallow, and such as are mixed 
with impurities, in order to dispose of them to 
the inferior dealer. 
After the tallow is properly sorted, it is put 
into a wooden vessel, and cut into small pieces 
preparatory to the first melting, which, in the 
technical language of the workmen, is called 
