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CANDOLLEA. 
persons instead of tea, but were found to be hurt- 
ful to the brain. ‘“ From this use of them,” says 
Miller, “a learned physician, a few years since, 
wrote a treatise to prove this to be the true 
tea!” The leaves were also used in former times 
by the northern natives, and perhaps are still 
used by some of the Scottish Highlanders, as a 
substitute for hops; but, in order to prevent 
their mischievous effect upon the head, they re- 
quire to be very long boiled. The leaves are 
likewise used by the Scottish Highlanders as a 
garnish to their dishes, as a perfume to their 
wardrobes, as a preventive of the depredations 
of moths, and, in infusion, as an anthelmintic to 
children. The plant is eaten by horses and goats, 
but refused by cows and sheep. Branches of it 
are laid by the Welsh and Scotch beneath their 
beds, to kill fleas and moths; a strong decoction 
of it is used by the Swedes to kill bugs and all 
such vermin as infest the human body; and 
shrubs of it, gathered in autumn, are used by 
the Welsh and the Swedes for giving a yellow 
dye to wool, An essential oil is obtainable from 
the plant by distillation, and may be supposed to 
possess, In a concentrated form, the greater por- 
tion of its economical virtues; and a waxy sub- 
stance is obtainable, by decoction, from its cat- 
kins, and is used to tan calf-skins, and might, if 
plentiful enough, be employed to make candles, 
and fully to vindicate the plant’s popular name 
of candleberry myrtle. 
The common or wax-bearing species, Myrica 
certfera, grows naturally on bogs and swamps 
| in North America, and was introduced thence to 
| Britain at the end of the seventeenth century. 
Its strong shrubby stems rise to the height of 
| about eight feet; its leaves are stiff, lanceolate, 
and about three inches long, and one inch broad ; 
its catkins are about an inch in length, and 
appear in May and June; and its berries are 
small, round, and covered with a mealy-looking 
powder. This species is known in North America 
as the tallow-shrub or candleberry tree ; and was 
long regarded as of very high economical im- 
portance. Its leaves and other parts can be used 
for the same purposes as those of the sweet gale; 
its root has a powerful effect in subduing tooth- 
ache; and its berries readily yield a large supply 
of waxy matter, fit for making candles and plas- 
ters, and for the manufacture of an agreeably 
fragrant kind of soap. Candles were formerly 
made in great quantities from this substance, and 
were held in high esteem, but are now found to 
be too expensive; and plasters and soap, made 
from it, are still in use—Two other hardy but 
evergreen species have been introduced from 
North America; nine greenhouse, evergreen spe- 
cies have been introduced from various countries, 
—principally the Cape of Good Hope ; and ten or 
eleven other species have been described. 
CANDOLLEA. A genus of ornamental shrubs, 
of the dillenia tribe. The wedge-shaped species, 
the oldest known, was brought from Australia in 
CANELLA. 67 
1824; Brown’s and Hugel’s species were brought 
from the same country in 1837; and other spe- 
cies have since been discovered and introduced. 
All the species have a close relationship to those 
of the genera hibbertia and hemistemma. The 
grows to the height of seven or eight feet. 
pedunculate species are very ornamental. Cun- 
ningham’s species is a low and thoroughly gla- 
brous shrub; its branches are smooth, shining, 
reddish, slender, flexuose, and disposed to climb; | 
its leaves are alternate, linear, and about an inch 
and a half in length; its flowering-branches are 
axillary, and very short, and have the appearance 
of small bunches of axillary leaves; and each pe- 
duncle rises from amidst the leafy bunch of a 
flowering branch, and bears on its summit a 
single, yellow, five-petalled flower. 
CANDYTUFT,—botanically 7berzs. A genus 
of ornamental plants, of the cruciferous family. 
Several of the species are natives of Spain; and 
they borrow from the ancient name of that 
country, Iberia, the generic designation Iberis. | 
The umbellate species, 7; wmbellata, was intro- 
duced to Britain from Candia before the close of | 
the seventeenth century ; and it took the name 
of candytuft from its native country, and after- 
wards communicated this name to its co-species. 
This is one of the best known hardy annuals in 
all sorts of gardens, from the humblest to the 
most aristocratic; it grows to the height of about 
a foot, and carries compact and beautiful umbels 
of lightish purple flowers; and it thrives in any 
soil, and with almost any treatment, and admits 
of a long succession of sowings, and of consequent 
flowerings.—The bitter species, /beris amara, is a 
native, though rather scarce, annual of the chalky 
fields of England. Its stem is slightly shrubby ; 
its leaves are smooth and nauseously bitter; and 
its flowers are produced in oblong clusters, and 
have a brilliantly white colour.—The sweet- 
scented and the pinnate-leaved species, are fra- 
grant annuals from the south of Europe. The 
violet and two other species are ornamental an- 
nuals; five species are biennials; and ten or || 
eleven species—among others, the fragrant ever- 
flowering species from Sicily—are dwarfish, or- 
namental undershrubs. 
CANE-BRAKE. See Arunpinaria. 
CANELLA. A small genus of evergreen, or- 
namental, tropical trees, of the guttiferous tribe. 
The white species, C. alba—well known in medi- 
cine for its bark—grows wild in the inland woods 
of the West Indies, and was introduced to Bri- 
tain during the former half of last century. 
Its stem is straight, and from ten to fifty feet 
high; its branches are erect, unspreading, and 
produced from only the upper extremity of the 
stem; its leaves are spatulate, entire, dark-green, 
nerveless, and similar in smoothness, thickness, 
glossiness, and odour to those of the laurel; and 
its flowers grow in clusters upon divided foot- 
stalks, are small and of a scarlet or whitish-pur- 
| 
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wedge-shaped species carries yellow flowers, and || 
The || 
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