690 
frutescent species, C. frutescens, formerly Robinia 
fruitescens, was brought from Siberia about the 
same time as the arborescent species, and usually 
has a height of only about two feet. Its shoots 
are very tough and pliant, and are used by the 
Tartars for the same purpose for which osiers are 
used in England. Two varieties of this species, 
the one having broad leaflets and the other hay- 
ing narrow leaflets, C. f. latifolia and CO. f. angus- 
tifolia, usually grow to the height of about six 
feet ; and the latter was not long ago introduced 
from Odessa.—The thorny species, Caragana spi- 
nosa, was brought from Siberia in 1775. It 
grows to the height of six or seven feet, has long 
tough branches and large strong spines, and 
might be most advantageously employed in Bri- 
tain for forming hedges which should combine 
great beauty with impenetrable thickness and 
remarkable strength.—The pigmy species, Cara- 
gana pygmea, was brought from Siberia about 
the middle of last century, and usually grows to 
the height of only about a foot. Its wood has a 
deep bay colour, and is exceedingly hard. A re- 
cently introduced variety of it is called the Sandy 
Caragana, and is as low and feeble as the normal 
plant.—The silvery species, Caragana argentea— 
formerly called Robinia Halodendron, and recent- 
ly constituted by the Russian botanist Fischer a 
separate genus, under the name of MHalimoden- 
dron argentewm—was introduced from Siberia 
about the middle of the latter half of last cen- 
tury. It naturally grows on dry, barren salt- 
fields; and, probably in consequence of our soils 
being too rich and almost destitute of salt, it 
seldom flowers in our shrubberies or gardens. 
It usually grows to the height of about six feet, 
and is a very handsome shrub. ‘Two varieties of 
it, C. a. subvirescens and C. a. brachysema, grow to 
the same height as the normal plant ; and while 
all the other species of caragana carry yellow 
flowers, the several kinds of the silvery species 
carry purple flowers. 
CARAMBOLA-TREE. See Averruoa, 
CARANDAS. See Carissa. 
CARAWAY. A small genus of hardy, biennial 
plants, of the umbelliferous family. It comprises 
only two species,—the common, Carwm carui, 
which grows wild on the meadows and pastures 
of Britain,—and the simple-stemmed, Carum 
sumplex, an uninteresting plant, which was intro- 
duced from Siberia in 1816. The common species 
is cultivated, for the sake of its seeds, in various 
parts of Essex and Suffolk. Its root is fusiform, 
or shaped like that of the carrot; its stem is 
smooth, channelled, branching, and between two 
and three feet in height ; its leaves are smooth, 
doubly pinnate, and cut into narrow, linear, 
pointed, deep green segments or pinnule ; its 
flowers are five-petalled, whitish or pale blush, 
numerous, terminal, and generally in ten-rayed 
umbels; and its seeds are oblong, bent, brown, 
about a quarter of an inch long, and marked 
longitudinally with five straw-coloured ridges. 
CARAWAY. 
Caraway, being a biennial, is sown with cori- 
ander, or sometimes with corn, on the same prin- 
ciple on which clover is sown with barley ; but in 
some instances, caraway, coriander, and teasel 
are all sown together on lea-land broken up for 
the purpose, and, when well-managed, make an 
exceedingly profitable return. The mode of 
cropping the three things together is described 
as follows by Mr. Sewell, of Maplestead, in Essex : 
—“ About the beginning of March, plough some 
old pasture-land, the soil of which should be 
a very strong clay loam. Mix together ten 
pounds of coriander, twelve pounds of caraway, 
and twelve pounds of teasel seeds, which is 
sufficient for an acre; sow directly after the 
plough, and harrow the land well. When the 
plants appear of sufficient strength to bear the 
hoe—which will be in about ten weeks after 
the sowing—it must not be omitted; and in the 
course of the summer, it will require three hoe- 
ings, as well as one at Michaelmas. The cori- 
ander is fit to be cut about the beginning of July, 
and should be thrashed on a cloth like cole-seed. 
About the April following, your teasel and cara- 
way will want a good hoeing, done deep and well, 
and another hoeing about the beginning of June. 
The caraway will be fit to cut the beginning of 
July, and must be thrashed in the same manner 
as the coriander. The teasel will not be ready 
till the middle of September ; and some of the 
plants do not perfect their seeds until the third 
or fourth year, when those heads which are be- 
ginning to turn brown are cut off at the stem 
with a stalk a foot long. Of these, twenty-five 
are tied in a bunch; twenty-four of the bunches 
are fixed on a small stick, and called a row, | 
twenty-four of which make a load, equal in bulk 
to about a ton of hay. The goodness of the crops 
must chiefly depend upon the care employed in 
their cultivation ; and as the land can only be 
filled with plants, it is evident that the more 
one kind predominates, the less can be reasonably 
expected from those which succeed ; accordingly 
the product of caraway is much greater without 
than with teasel.” The caraway of the threefold 
crop, if soil and culture be good, may yield so 
much as a ton per acre, worth about £20; and 
both the caraway and the teasel, if kept in a clean 
and well-hoed condition, will make a profitable 
return, not only in the second year, but also in 
the third and the fourth, after sowing. But 
scarcely any soil will suit except such as is too 
rich in humus for corn; or rather, only a kind of 
soil will suit which an entire course of cropping 
with coriander, caraway, and teasel will simply 
reduce to a proper state of fertility for corn. The 
hoeing of caraway requires great attention, care, 
and labour, and is, in consequence, very expen- 
sive; and the gathering of the crop must be 
effected by a cautious cutting of the plants sin- | 
gulatum, and depositing them one by one in a 
cloth, to be immediately carried to the thrash- 
ing floor. The proper garden culture of caraway 
