720 CARYA. 
tears into the canal which conveys them to the 
nostril; but it is sometimes so enlarged by in- 
flammatory action as not to allow them to pass ; 
and it should then be treated with the applica- 
tion of warm, emollient lotions to the eye. See 
- the article Ever. 
CARYA. A genus of hardy, deciduous, nut- 
bearing timber-trees, of the walnut-tree tribe. 
Several of the species longest and best known 
were formerly regarded as varieties of one spe- 
cies of walnut-trees, under the popular name of 
hickery-trees; but they are now regarded as so 
many distinct species, and were erected into a 
separate genus by the American botanist Nut- 
tal. About 14 known species, all natives of 
North America, are now comprised in the genus; 
and most of these have been introduced to Great 
Britain. While the filaments of the female flower 
of a walnut-tree are never fewer than seven, and 
often more than seven, those of the female flower 
of a carya are never more than six, and in some 
instances only four. 
The white species of carya, Carya alba, formerly 
JSuglans alba, was introduced to Britain in 1629. 
It usually grows to the height of about thirty or 
| thirty-five feet ; its young shoots are smooth ; its 
| leaves are pinnated, and consist of from three 
| to seven pairs of leaflets, with a terminating odd 
| one; its leaflets are serrated, narrowest at the 
base, and of a pleasant green colour; its flowers 
| are apetalous and inconspicuous, and appear in 
April and May; and its nuts are small, hard, and 
of a white colour. The variety of this species 
called the shagbark, C. a. squamosa, though 
smooth in its young shoots, is covered with a 
rough scaly bark in its stems and its old branch- 
es.—The olive-fruited species or pecca-nut, Carya 
oliveformis—called by Michaux Juglans olivefor- 
mis, and in the Hortus Kewensis Juglans augusti- 
folia—grows to the same height as the white 
species, and is distinguished principally by the 
narrowness of its leaves, and the peculiar form 
and superior delicacy of its nuts. Michaux says 
that the nuts of this species are the finest fla- 
voured of all the walnut-tribe; and he recom- 
mends that shoots of the pecca-nut should, for 
the purposes of fruiting, be grafted on stocks of 
the common walnut-tree-—The pig-nut or hog- 
nut species, Carya porcina, was introduced to 
Britain in 1799. It attains the same height as 
the preceding species, and is esteemed the best 
of the genus for its timber.—The other intro- 
duced species are the woolly, the small-fruited, 
the bitter-nut, the jagged, the furrowed, the 
obcordate, and the compressed-fruited ; and all 
these grow to the height of about thirty feet, 
and produce good timber. 
CARYOCAR. See Burrer-Novr. 
CARYOPHYLLUS. See Crove- TREE and 
CARNATION. 
CARYOTA. A genus of tropical, ornamental 
trees, of the palm tribe. The stinging or torn- 
leaved species, Caryota urens, is the best known, 
A 
CASCHROM. 
and was introduced from India to Britain in 1788. 
It usually attains a height of about twenty feet, 
and possesses great economical importance in. 
Ceylon and continental India. All the sugar of 
the Cingalese, whether for their own use or for 
exportation, is made from the Caryota urens, the 
Cocus nucifera, and the Borassus flabelliformis ; 
but the greater portion is made from the Caryota, 
and is well known throughout a great part of the 
east under the name of jaggery, and commonly 
sold for one-fourth or one-sixth of the price of 
the cheapest cane-sugar. A very numerous por- 
tion of the population of Ceylon are employed 
either in cultivating the Caryota urens, or in 
manufacturing jaggery from it; and they consti- 
tute a separate caste, under the name of Jagger- 
aros.—The pith of the Caryota is used, in the 
same manner as the Sagus rumphii, the Corypha 
umbraculifera, and one or two other palms, for 
the manufacture of sago. The dark-~coloured 
oval seeds are used by the Mahommedans of In- 
dia as beads. A toddy is prepared from the juice 
of the tree, and used by the natives of Canara 
and Malabar.—Two other species of caryota, the 
mild and the horrid, were introduced to Britain 
in 1820, the former from China, and the latter 
from South America. 
CASCARILLA,—botanically Croton Hleuteria. 
An evergreen, tropical, medicinal shrub, of the 
spurge tribe. It grows wild in Jamaica, St. Do- 
mingo, and the Bahamas, and was introduced 
from the first of these to Britain in 1748. It 
grows only six or eight feet high in our hothouses, 
but attains a height of twenty feet in the West | 
Indies. It is thickly branched at the top; its 
branches, when broken, exude a thick balsamic 
fluid ; its leaves are alternate, cordate, lanceolate, 
and entire; its flowers have a whitish-green col- 
our, and are produced in axillary and terminal 
racemes; and its capsule is trilocular, and contains 
one shining seed. Its bark is the medicinal part ; 
and this is imported from the Bahamas in quilled 
pieces, of about six or eight inches in length, and 
thickly covered with lichens, which give their 
surface a snowy-white appearance. This bark 
has a grateful spicy odour, and a warm, bitter, 
aromatic taste; and is used, in both human phar- 
macy and veterinary practice, as a valuable aro- 
matic and tonic.—Another species of the Croton 
genus, Croton cascarilla, bears the name of cas- 
carilla, but does not share in its officinal honours; 
and this species is smaller than the other, and 
was introduced from South America in 1778. 
CASCHROM. A very rude and primitive in- 
strument of tillage, used in many parts of the 
Hebrides. It is probably the oldest instrument 
of tillage known in Great Britain; and seems to 
be the most rudimental form conceivable of a 
plough. Its name means the crooked foot or 
crooked spade; and the instrument itself has a 
medium character between that of a spade and 
that of a rudimental, one-shafted plough. Its 
shaft or handle is a bough or branch of a tree, 
oo — 
