(04 CELLULARES. 
of heat and moisture, the muscular fibres separ- 
ate from each other, and form the other structures 
of the body. This effect is seen in meat which 
is subjected to long boiling or stewing for the 
table, or, indeed, in a joint which is merely over- 
boiled. It forms a connexion and passage be- 
tween all parts of the body, however remote in 
situation or dissimilar in structure; for the cells 
of this substance everywhere communicate, as 
we may collect from facts of the most common 
and familiar occurrence. In emphysema, where 
air escapes from the lungs wounded by a broken 
rib into the cellular substance, it spreads rapidly 
from the chest into the most remote parts of the 
body, and has even been known to gain admis- 
sion into the eye-ball. A similar diffusion of this 
fluid may be effected by artificial inflation. 
Vegetable cellular tissue is a soft and succulent 
aggregation of exceedingly minute cells. It con- 
stitutes the whole of the substance of cryptogam- 
ous plants, the principal substance of herbaceous 
phenogamous plants, and a considerable portion 
of many parts of even shrubs and trees. It 
abounds in succulent fruits and in seed-lobes; it 
is prominent in leaves, flowers, petioles, and pe- 
duncles ; it 1s conspicuous in the stems, branches, 
and other parts of all phenogamous non-ligneous. 
plants ; and, though not so apparently cellular or 
succulent as in the preceding instances, and 
particularly as in cryptogams, it is very dis- 
tinguishable in the young bark, the twigs, and 
the central pith of even the most thoroughly lig- 
neous plants. “ When viewed without the mi- 
croscope,” remarks Keith, “ its appearance is that 
of an assemblage of small and minute granules 
imbedded in a soft and glutinous substance, as in 
the greater part of leaves and succulent fruits. 
But it is only when viewed minutely, and with 
a good glass, that its true structure is to be de- 
tected. Malpighi describes it with his usual ac- 
curacy, and compares it to an assemblage of in- 
flated threads or bladders containing a juice. 
Grew describes it under the appellation of par- 
enchyma, and compares it to the bubbles formed 
upon the surface of liquor in a state of fermenta- 
tion. Duhamel represents it as consisting of a 
net-work of fibres interspersed with small and 
granular or bladder-like substances occupying the 
interstices. Such were the descriptions of the 
earlier vegetable anatomists. But later anatom- 
ists have been more minute. Mirbel describes it as 
being composed of clusters of small and hexagonal 
cells containing a juice. This was an important 
step in advance, as exhibiting a correct view of 
that modification of figure which is perhaps the 
most frequent in the composition of cellular 
tissue. After all, we believe the spheroid to be 
the original and normal form of all cells; all 
other forms, such as the square, the prismatic, the 
oblong, the columnar, being occasioned merely 
by the compression or extension of the primitive 
spheroid.” 
CELLULARES. One of the two grand or pri- 
CEMENT. 
mary divisions of the vegetable kingdom. It is 
very nearly identical with the Cryptogamia of 
Linnzeus, and the Acotyledoneze of Jussieu; but 
is preferred to these by later botanists, on ac- 
count of its expressing a more obvious character. 
. | 
Plants, viewed as cryptogamous, possess a very 
obscure fructification; the same plants, viewed 
as acotyledonous, have no proper seeds or seed- 
lobes; and most of the same plants, viewed as 
cellular, consist wholly of cellular tissue, to the 
exclusion of spiral vessels or vascular structure, 
or do not form woody matter and have no veined 
leaves. Ferns, however, are naturally included 
among acotyledons, and excluded from among 
cellulares; yet, on account of their thoroughly 
cryptogamous character, they are systematically 
included among the latter; and they may be 
truly regarded as constituting the connecting 
link between the cellulares and the vasculares, 
or as lying along both sides of the boundary-line 
between these two great divisions. The fungi and 
the alge have no leaves; and, in some instances, 
make a very near approach to the limits of the 
animal kingdom. 
CELOSTA. See Cockscoms. 
CELSIA. A genus of yellow-flowered orna- 
mental plants, of the nightshade family. Nine 
or ten species, natives of the Levant, North Africa, 
and the Hast Indies, are cultivated in British 
gardens. 
Coromandel species are annuals, the woolly spe- 
cies is an evergreen undershrub, and the other 
species are biennials. Their height is from two 
to six feet; and the appearance of their flowers 
similar to that of alonsoas. The oriental species 
is the longest and best known, and was brought 
to Britain in the early part of last century. Many 
oblong leaves, finely divided on both sides almost 
to the midrib, grow from the crown of its roots, | 
and lie flat along the ground; a round herbace- 
ous stem arises from among them, grows to the 
height of about two feet, and is garnished over 
its whole length with leaves similarly shaped to 
the root-leaves, but gradually diminishing in size 
as they ascend the stem; and the flowers are pro- 
duced at the footstalks of these leaves, over more | 
than one-half of the stem, and are iron coloured 
without, and pale yellow within, and generally 
bloom in July and August. 
CELTIS. See Nerrriz-Tree. 
CEMBRA. A group of varieties or sub-species 
of pines. They are natives of Siberia and Swit- 
zerland, and are highly ornamental trees in Bri- 
tain ; but their qualities as timber-trees have not 
been well ascertained. The principal are the 
Cembran and the Siberian, each usually about 60 
feet high; the Swiss, about 40 feet; and the 
pigmy, or shrub, about 6 feet. See the article 
PINE. 
CEMENT. A paste of various composition ap- 
plied to unite solid surfaces, by hardening be- 
tween them, but rarely forming a combination 
with the constituents of either surface. The 
The oriental, the clammy, and the | 
