806 CHYMOCARPUS. 
turning the fly-wheel, easily and speedily effects 
a churning.—The box-churn is the same in gene- 
ral construction, in position, and in mode of 
working, as the barrel-churn, but is four-sided 
while the latter is cylindrical—The upright bar- 
rel-churn has a vertical position ; it is provided, 
on the exterior of its upper end, with a small 
cylindrical rope-coil, set in a frame or cross-bar ; 
the rope which plays round the coil passes through 
holes in the sides of the frame or cross-bar, and 
is firmly attached to treadle-boards, which are 
situated close to the churn, and on a level with 
its lower end; and a man, by standing on the 
treadle-boards, and alternating his weight on 
the right foot and on the left, causes the fan- 
wheel to move vertically and rapidly, in a con- 
stant series of alternate directions, and, in con- 
sequence, effects a churning with comparatively 
great ease and speed.—A cradle-churn is shaped 
somewhat like a cradle, but mounted on a wooden 
frame, and provided internally with a grate or 
grates in the centre, to slide in a groove; and it 
is rocked with regular motion, not faster than 
the pendulum of a clock, and serves remarkably 
well for making butter.—An example of the 
American cradle-churn is incidentally noticed as 
follows in Lambert’s Travels through Lower 
Canada and the United States:—‘“ At a farmer’s 
near Lake Champlain, we saw a machine for 
churning butter. It was a kind of half barrel, 
with a place where one of the farmer’s sons sat 
astride as on horseback. The machine, moving 
up and down, answered the double purpose of a 
churn for making butter, and a rocking-horse for 
his children.” : 
In large dairies, or on large farms, churns are 
so constructed and situated as to be worked by 
machinery; and in some cases, this is driven by 
a horse or an ass or by the separate application 
of water-power, and, in other cases, by the same 
power which drives the machinery of a thresh- 
ing-mill or a scutch-mill. The construction of 
| churn generally preferred for working by ma- 
chinery is that of the plunge-churn; it has the 
shape and position of an upright, unbulged bar- 
rel, and may have a capacity of from 40 to 200 
gallons; the perforated board or dasher, for agi- 
tating the cream or milk, is moved up and down 
by a lever; and this is connected with the mo- 
tive machinery and power by means of a shaft 
and crank. Churns of this construction can be 
accommodated to wide gradations in the quan- 
tity of milk, simply by the addition of holes or 
screws for regulating or altering the distance of 
the churn-staff from the centre of the lever. An 
excellent variety of plunge-churn for working 
by machinery is figured and described in Low’s 
Elements of Agriculture ; and models of two 
varieties, the one with a vertical plunge, and the 
other double, square, and with horizontal plunges, 
are shown in the museum of the Highland Society, 
x briefly noticed in its catalogue. 
SR er ne 
CHYMOCARPUS. A small genus of orna- 
a 
CINERARIA. 
mental, climbing, herbaceous, greenhouse plants, 
of the tropceolum tribe. The five-leaved species, 
C. pentaphyllus, called by Lamarck Tropeolum 
pentaphyllum, was first raised in Britain in 1830, 
from seeds obtained from Buenos Ayres. It at- 
tains a height of about 4 or 5 feet, blooms from 
August till October, and has beautifully varie- 
gated flowers of red and green and purple. Its 
flowers differ from those of the tropceolum genus 
in being two-petalled; and its fruit is a juicy 
black berry, somewhat like the Zante grape. The 
generic name, chymocarpus, alludes to the chief 
character of the berry, and signifies “juicy fruit.” 
CIBOULES. See Onton. 
CICCA. A small genus of evergreen, tropical, 
fruit-trees, of the spurge tribe. The two-rowed- 
leaved species, C. disticha, was introduced from 
India toward the close of last century. It usually 
attains a height of about 20 feet. Its flowers are 
green ; and its fruit are about the size of large 
marbles, roundish, acidulous, and well adapted 
for tarts. 
CICER. See Cutcx-Pza. 
CICHORIUM. See Curcory. 
CICUTA. See CowBanz. 
CIDER. See Cypzur. 
CIMICIFUGA. See Bueworz. 
CINDERS. See Asuzs. 
CINERARIA. A large genus of beautifully 
flowering plants, of the jacobea division of the 
composite order. ‘Two species grow wild in Eng- 
land, about 60 species have been introduced from 
foreign countries, and a great number of hybrids 
have been raised by British florists, and are sold 
in our public nurseries. Four or five of the spe- 
cies have one-flowered peduncles, and all the 
others have many-flowered peduncles ; and about 
one-half of the latter are tender, evergreen un- 
dershrubs, of from one foot to four feet in height, | 
with leaves somewhat like those of the avens 
genus,—while the remainder are perennial her- 
baceous plants of from 6 inches to 5 feet in height, 
chiefly deciduous and hardy, and all with leaves 
somewhat like those of coltsfoot. The marsh 
species, C. palustris, grows wild in the marshes 
of England, has a height of about a yard, and 
carries yellow flowers in June and July. The 
entire-leaved species, C. integrifolia, grows wild 
in the chalky pastures of England, has a height 
of 6 or 8 inches, and carries yellow flowers in 
May and June. These two species are strictly 
weeds, but confine themselves to a very limited 
range of soil; and were the most brilliantly 
flowering species of the greenhouse to be hardy 
and diffused enough to grow and cast their 
winged seeds in the open ground, they would 
speedily become as annoying to the farmer as 
thistles or groundsel. The vast majority of the 
Species, in their natural state, are yellow-flowered, 
and have but a shabbily ornamental character, 
only a degree or two superior to that of dande- 
lion; but a few of the choicer species, and very 
many of the hybrids, are, as to mere colour and. 
