-CINNA. 
tint, the most brilliant and dazzling tenants of 
either the greenhouse or the parterre. Intense 
blue, shaded off to all tints and gradations of 
blue, lilac, and purple,—crimson of all shades, up 
to pale rose,—party-colours of all shades, pure 
white centres, darkish disks, light-coloured disks, 
with many varieties of margin,—all these occur 
in cinerarias, and have combined with nearly 
circular form and with flat and spatulate florets, 
to win for these plants, not only popularity, but 
great multiplicity and prominence. 
The woody species of cineraria are readily pro- 
pagated from cuttings, the herbaceous species by 
division of the roots, and both classes from seeds, 
and by the rooting of the side-shoots. Seed in- 
tended for sowing should be well separated by 
being rubbed in a little sand or dry sifted soil; 
and should be thinly sown, in April or May, in 
boxes, pots, or seed-pans, filled with fine light 
soil, or with a sifted compost of equal parts of 
peat and turfy loam. The boxes, pots, or pans 
should be kept in a frame, and occasionally 
watered. When the seedlings appear, they 
ought, for a few days, to be lightly shaded from 
the sun with a covering of thin calico, white 
paper, or any similar material; when they have 
attained a little size and strength, they should 
be pricked out, and set near the edges of pots; 
and in August or September, they should be 
planted singly in pots, filled one-third with 
crocks and pieces of charcoal, and two-thirds 
with proper soil, and placed in a pit or a dry 
frame, there to stand throughout the winter. 
In early spring, they will begin to flower; and, 
for the sake of their bloom, they may be removed 
to any situation where they are wanted. Seeds 
from these plants will produce improved plants, 
and again seed from the latter will produce plants 
still more improved; but any of the plants, if 
simply earthed up, will speedily form rooted side- 
shoots, which require merely to be separated in 
order to grow and bloom as independent plants. 
When cuttings are used for propagation, they 
should be taken small, and struck in sand under 
a bell-glass. Cinerarias require a very free ven- 
tilation, and are always weakened in organism 
and damaged in bloom by the application of 
forcing heat.—Two herbaceous species of respec- 
tively marigold and centaury are popularly called 
cinerarias ; and a number of species formerly in- 
cluded in the genus cineraria, are now assigned 
to four other genera. 
CINNA. Asmall genus of grasses, of the agros- 
tis tribe. Only two species, and these of small 
interest, are known. The reedy species, C. arun- 
dinacea, was brought from Canada, and grows 
about a yard high. 
CINNABAR. A mineral, composed of one 
equivalent of mercury and two equivalents of 
sulphur. It is heavy, and has a dark red colour; 
but it is sometimes prepared artificially,—and it 
then bears the name of factitious cinnabar, and is 
intimately allied to the well-known beautiful pig- 
CIRCULATING SYSTEM. 
807 
ment, vermilion. Cinnabar is not attacked by 
alkalies or simple acids, but is dissolved and de- 
composed by nitro-muriatic acid. It was for- 
merly administered to horses, in doses of half an 
ounce daily, as an alterative in obstinate coughs 
and thickness of wind; but it has now almost 
ceased to be used by farriers. 
CINQUEFOIL,—botanically Potentilla Reptans. 
A creeping, perennial, herbaceous plant, of the 
rosaceous-flowered tribe. It abounds in meadows 
and pastures, and by the waysides, particularly 
on dry sandy soils, in most districts of Britain. 
Its root is comparatively long and large, and was 
formerly used as an astringent in medicine; its 
stems are round, smooth, reddish, decurrent, and 
stoloniferous, in the manner of those of the straw- 
berry plant; its leaves are long, narrow, and in- 
dented, and are arranged digitatively and five in 
number on each footstalk, so as to give occasion 
to the name of cinquefoil; and its flowers are 
large and bright yellow, stand upon long foot- 
stalks, and appear from June till September. 
The other British species of potentilla, and even 
the whole of that great genus, are sometimes 
called cinquefoil. See the article Pormntiuua. 
CINQUEFOIL (Marsn),—botanically Coma- 
rum. A curious, evergreen, herbaceous plant, of 
the rosaceous-flowered tribe. It was formerly 
ranked among the potentillas; but now consti- 
tutes a genus of itself. It grows wild in our 
spongy bogs and ditches ; its root is creeping and 
| very fibrous; its stems are round, reddish, and 
about 18 inches in height ; and its flowers are an 
inch broad, of a purplish blood colour, and very 
showy, and appear in June and July. 
CIRCULATING SYSTEM. We have stated, in 
our article AnrimAt, that the second characteristic 
peculiar to animals, as distinguished from plants, 
is that of possessing a circulating system. If we 
commence from the arachnides, or spiders, and 
the worms, and then examine all animals higher 
in the scale of creation, it will be found that the 
nutritive fluid circulates through a system of 
cylindrical vessels; and that it only supplies the 
several parts requiring nourishment by means of 
their ramified extremities, or lacteals, through 
which the nutriment is deposited in the places 
requiring sustenance. These vessels, which dis- 
tribute the nutritive fluid or blood to all parts 
of the body, receive the name of arteries. Those, 
on the contrary, are called veins, which restore 
the blood to the centre of the circulating system. 
This motion of the nutritive fluid is sometimes 
performed simply in one circle; often there are 
two circular motions, and even three, if we in- 
clude that of the vena-porte, which collects the 
blood of the intestines, and conveys it to the 
liver. The velocity of its motion is frequently 
assisted by certain fleshy organs called hearts, 
which are placed at some one centre of circula- 
tion, often at both. 
In the vertebrated and red-blooded animals, 
the nutritive fluid, or chyle, leaves the intestines 
