_ thin partition. 
CLEANING. 
inches long; and its flowers are five-petalled, 
open, white, and spotted or striped with red, and 
grow in loose bunches at the top of the stems, 
and bloom from March till May.—The perfoliate 
species, C. perfoliata, was introduced from North 
America in 1794. It, is a white-flowered annual, 
of from 6 to 12 inches in height, not unfrequently 
cultivated in ordinary collections, but more curi- 
ous than beautiful.—Six other species, three of 
them tuberous-rooted, and the rest annuals, may 
occasionally be seen in British gardens. 
CLEANING, The removing of every kind of 
filth and dirtiness from the bodies of farm ani- 
mals. The cleaning of all kinds of farm stock 
contributes to both their beauty and their health. 
If even swine could be cleaned as regularly and 
thoroughly as horses usually are, they would be 
more thriving than under their present treat- 
ment. Swine, in a few instances, are regularly 
cleaned by hand; but, in most, are merely provided 
with one or more rubbing-posts, and with fre- 
quent renewals of litter. When cattle have their 
legs soiled by labour or by walking on foul 
ground, they should be driven two or three times 
a-day through a pond; and such of them as are 
turned into house-shelter, should be well rubbed 
with dry straw. Picking the feet of horses and 
cattle from gravel and small stones ought fre- 
quently to be practised; and combing and brush- 
ing, at the first meal of the morning or at the 
last in the evening, or at other times when the 
hair and the skin are dry, will well repay, in the 
animal’s health and vigour, all the labour which 
they involve. The importance of keeping horses 
constantly and perfectly clean is generally and 
somewhat well understood; but the importance 
of cleaning the other animals of the farm requires 
to be considered and enforced. See the article 
GROOM. 
CLEANSING. See Azortion and Parturi- 
TION. 
~ CLEARING. A heap of corn in the barn large 
enough to be winnowed; also, the removal from 
land of large stones, stumps of trees, and other 
obstacles to the operation of the plough; also, 
the conversion of a portion of forest ground into 
arable land. 
CLEARING-NUT. See Strycunos. 
CLEAR-UNDERWING,—-scientifically Zyeria 
asiliformis. A boring and mischievous insect, of 
the coleopterous order. Its caterpillar penetrates 
wounded or unbarked portions of the trunks of 
poplars, gnaws a cell or chamber in the interior, 
and eats the duramen thence toward the exterior 
till only a sufficient thickness is left to protect 
it from the weather. The transformation into 
the pupa state occurs in this retreat; and the 
transformation from that state to the state of the 
imago, is accompanied by the bursting of the 
The chrysalis, when about to be 
transformed, first forcibly pushes its head against 
the partition, and then, by means of the resist- 
ing power of the minute teeth or serrated pro- 
CLEMATIS. 
cesses with which each ring or segment of its 
body is provided, extends itself till it breaks the 
barrier; and, when the head is protruded, the 
chrysalis case splits, and the perfect insect escapes. 
The attacks of the caterpillar upon poplars, and 
the consequent injuries inflicted on the tree, can 
be diminished or palliated only by destroying as 
many as possible of the perfect insects. 
CLEAVERS. See Harirr. 
CLEDGY LAND. Stiff, hard, stubborn, tena- 
cious soil. 
CLEG, or Guze. Two species of dipterous in- 
sects, of the tribe Tabanidz. The cleg, horse- 
cleg, or common horse-fly, is scientifically called 
Hematopota pluvialis; thus bearing a generic 
name which signifies ‘drinker of blood,’ and a 
specific one which signifies ‘showery,’ and alludes 
to its excessive blood-thirstiness during the pre- 
valence of warm showery weather. It is at once 
the most numerous, the most untiring, and the 
most tormenting of the family of horse-flies. Its 
speckled wings, its green eyes with transverse, 
undulating, purple-brown bands, its dark brown 
abdomen, with the hinder margins of the seg- 
ments, a dorsal line, and a series of faint spots 
on each side, of a light grey colour, are charac- 
ters by which it is readily distinguished. The 
male is seldom seen, appears to exist in very 
small numbers compared to the female, has its 
oral organs much less developed than those of the 
female, and seems to be innoxious in habit, and 
to subsist entirely on the juicy secretions of 
flowers. 
The cattle cleg is scientifically called Tabanus 
bowidus, and, though not very abundant in Eng- 
land or in the Scottish Lowlands, is an excessive 
pest of cattle in the Scottish Highlands. It is 
robust, and about an inch in length; and is one 
of the largest and most conspicuous of British 
diptera. It has similar habits to those of the 
horse-cleg, the females feeding upon blood, and 
the males upon floral-secretions. Its larva is long 
and cylindrical, and narrows at the head into an 
elongated cone; its body comprises twelve rings 
or segments, the anal one of which appears like 
a small tubercle; its head, besides having two 
short antennz, is provided with two small scaly 
hooks, which it employs in locomotion, and in 
perforating the soil; and most of its segments are 
encircled with a dark-coloured band, which is 
beset with numerous retractile tubercles for per- 
forming the chief offices of locomotion. The 
pupa is nearly cylindrical, and of a greyish brown 
colour; its segments are fringed on the hinder 
margins with grey hairs; and its anal segment, 
though small in size, is armed with six sharp 
scaly points, which enable the pupa to push its 
head above the surface of the soil. See the 
articles Horsse-F 11s and Bors. 
CLEMATIS. Animportant genus of beautiful 
flowering-plants, of the ranunculus tribe. They 
are characterized by their opposite leaves, their 
valvate-coloured calyx, and the long feathery 
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