814 
styles of their ripe carpels. One species grows 
wild in England; about 45 species have been in- 
troduced from foreign countries; and about 40 
other species are known to botanists. Seven of 
the introduced species, C. erecta, augustifolia, lin- 
eariloba, diversifolia, cylindrica, integrifolia, and 
ochroleuca, are hardy, perennial-rooted herbs; 
and all the others are ligneous twiners,—about 
one-half deciduous, and the remainder evergreen, 
—about one-fourth more or less tender, and the 
remainder quite hardy. The climbers, as a group, 
are eminently beautiful, in at once their foliage, 
their flowers, and their carpels; but even the 
hardy species are impatient of damp in winter, 
and in consequence require more nicety of treat- 
ment than most other hardy climbers. We can 
afford to notice only three or four species as spe- 
cimens of the whole genus. 
The common hedge species, C. vitalba, popu- 
larly called traveller’s joy, white vine, bind-with, 
and old man’s beard, grows naturally in the 
hedges of England, and of most of the northern 
parts of continental Europe. It is an object of 
great natural beauty, loading the hedges first 
with its profuse clusters of white blossoms, and 
next with its heaps of feather-tailed, silky tufts ; 
presenting, at various seasons, but particularly in 
winter, a peculiarly interesting appearance; and 
acquiring its name of traveller’s joy, from its 
power of charming and refreshing the weary tra- 
veller. Its stems usually attain a height of about 
20 feet, but sometimes climb up trees to nearly 
treble that height; its ramifications are so nu- 
merous and subdivisive as to overtop and cover 
hedges, shrubs, and almost everything on which 
they climb; its branches are so thick and tough 
as to be often used by wood-cutters for bundling 
faggots; its leaves are pinnated, bluish-green, and 
moderately large, and have a tendency to cling 
and twine in the manner of claspers; and its 
flowers are produced in clusters over all the 
plant, and appear from June till September. 
Some varieties of this species have the edges of 
their folioles indented, and others have these 
edges entire. A plant of Clematis vitalba at 
Shenley rectory in Harts, has two stems, each as 
thick as the calf of a man’s leg, and runs upa 
fir-tree to the height of about 50 or 60 feet.— 
The Viorna species, C. viorna, grows wild in 
‘North America, and was introduced to Britain 
in 1730. It was generally confounded by the 
older botanists with C. vitalba; and it continues 
to share with it the popular name of traveller’s 
joy; but it seldom grows to quite two-thirds of 
the height of that species. 
The virgin’s-bower or vine-bower species, C. 
viticella, is a hardy deciduous climber, introduced 
to Britain from Spain toward the close of the 
16th century. It is a sort of type of a division 
of the genus, comprising five or six of the species 
cultivated in Britain; and it often gives its 
popular name of virgin’s- bower to the whole 
Four varieties of it have long been in 
genus. 
CLEMATIS. 
cultivation,—the double purple, the single purple, 
the blue, and the red. The double purple, when 
properly supported, grows to the height of 20 or 
30 feet, and is admirably adapted to cover walls, 
hedges, and arbours. It becomes so leafy as to 
afford not only shade from sunshine, but protec- 
tion from a moderate shower; and, when fully 
rooted, it makes a growth of from 10 to 16 feet in 
one year. Its young branches are of a fine green 
colour, and nearly square; its older branches are 
of a dusky or dark brown colour, and angular or 
channelled; its leaves grow from the joints of 
the branches, and are both pinnate and bipin- 
nate; its folioles are oval and entire; and its 
flowers are double, and purple, and bloom from 
June till September. The single purple variety 
is rather a stronger shooter than the double pur- 
ple, and climbs toa greater height. The blue 
differs from the single purple only in the colour 
of its flowers. The red is much lower in growth, 
and has weaker, shorter, and more delicate shoots. 
The flame species, C. flammula, was introduced 
from the south of France, toward the close of 
the 16th century. It is a hardy deciduous 
climber; and is sometimes regarded as the type 
of the largest division of the genus, comprising 
rather more than one half of all its species. It 
climbs, with due support, to the height of about 
20 feet; its stems are numerous and slender; its 
lower leaves are pinnate, and have jagged edges ; 
its upper leaves are single, lanceolate, and entire ; 
and its flowers are white and extremely elegant, 
and bloom from July till October. Four very 
distinct varieties of this species are in cultivation, 
—the round-leaved, or fragrant, C. f. rotundifolza, 
—the maritime, C. f. maritima, loving saline air, 
and blooming somewhat earlier than the other 
varieties,—the tufted, C. f. cespitosa,—and the 
reddish, C. f. rubella, with reddish - coloured 
flowers, 
The tendrilled species, C. c’rrhosa, was intro- 
duced from Spain in 1596. It is a hardy ever- 
green climber, of very different habits of flower- 
ing from most of the other species. 
usually attain a height of from 6 to 12 feet, but 
are exceedingly slender, and rise almost wholly 
by the power of their claspers; its branches are 
very numerous and feeble, and so intertwine 
with one another as to form a dense, thickety 
growth; some of its leaves are simple and entire, 
some two-lobed, and some three-lobed, and all 
have a beautifully green colour; the most perfect 
of its leaf-lobes are indented and nearly lance- 
olate ; and its flowers are large, have a whitish- 
green colour, are produced from the sides of the 
branches, bloom in the latter part of winter and 
early part of spring, and combine with the shin- 
ing green foliage to render the plant a valuable 
ornament of the cold and cheerless season of 
March winds. Three other hardy evergreen spe- 
cies cultivated in Britain, the Balearic, the pedi- 
cellate, and the half-three-lobed, have a con- 
siderable resemblance to the tendrilled. 
Its stems | 
