828 
CLOVE-TREE. 
manured, the produce will be considerably greater. 
In the Woburn experiments, on rich clayey loam, 
the produce per acre of newly cut broad clover 
was 49,005 lbs., and of long-rooted clover 74,868 
Ibs.; and on rich black loam, the produce per 
acre of newly-cut bastard clover was 20,418 lbs. 
Schwertz reckons that 2 cwts. of green clover 
yield 48 lbs. of hay; but the proportion of the 
dried hay to the green crop is very materially 
ruled by the age of the plants, and by the mete- 
orological circumstances under which they grow. 
In experiments of Boussingault, one ton of clo- 
ver in flower of the second year yielded 7 cwts. 
of hay, and one ton of clover of the first year 
yielded 4 cwts., 2 qrs., 24 lbs. of hay; clover hay 
sent off, by complete desiccation, 21 per cent. of 
moisture; dry hay yielded, by incineration, 7°76 
per cent. of ashes; and the elementary constitu- 
ents of the organic parts of dry hay, or the parts 
which were dissipated by combustion, were 47°53 
per cent. of carbon, 4°69 of hydrogen, 37:96 of 
oxygen, and 2°06 of nitrogen—Loudon’s Hortus 
Britannicus. — Sinelair’s Hortus Gramineus.— 
Lawson's Agriculturist's Manuwal—Lawson on the 
Artificial Grasses.— Youngs Farmer's Calendar.— 
Reports to the Board of Agricultuwre—WMarshall’s 
County Reports— Quarterly Journal of Agricul- 
ture—Journal of the Royal Agricultural Socrety. 
—Catalogue of the Highland Society's Museum.— 
Transactions of the Highland Society.— Stephens’ 
Book of the Farm.—Davy’s Agricultural Chemis- 
try. — Boussingault’s Rural Economy. — Doyle's 
Husbandry.—Sproule’s Agriculture.—The Garden- 
er’s Magazine.—Low’s Agriculture—Sir John Sin- 
clair’s General Report of Scotland. 
CLOVE-TREE,—botanically Caryophyllus. An 
evergreen, tropical, spice tree, of the myrtle tribe. 
It constitutes a genus of itself, and takes for its 
specific name aromaticus. It is a native of the 
Moluccas; it is cultivated, for the sake of its 
cloves, in the islands of Amboyna, Honimoa, Oma, 
Nousalaut, Sumatra, Bourbon, and Dominica; 
and, in 1797, it was introduced, as a curiosity, to 
the hothouses of British gardens. Its stem con- 
sists of extremely hard wood, and is covered with 
a thin, smooth bark, like that of the beech; its 
branches so ramify and ascend as usually to at- 
tain a height of 20 or 25 feet from the ground; 
its leaves are opposite, lanceolate, smooth, dull 
green, and very similar in form and consistency 
to those of the laurel,—and, when bruised, they 
diffuse a strongly aromatic odour; and its flow- 
ers grow in bunches of from nine to twenty-one 
at the extremity of the branches,—their ca- 
lyx is long, and divided into four segments,— 
their corolla has four roundish, notched, very 
pale blue petals,—and, in their native country, 
they appear in March. The unexpanded flowers, 
or the calyxes previous to the development of the 
petals, are the cloves of commerce, and are ga- 
thered from the beginning of October till the end 
of February. They are shaken down upon large 
cloths spread under the trees; they have, at the 
CLUB-RUSH. 
time of being gathered, a reddish colour, and a 
certain degree of firmness; they are immediately 
immersed in boiling water,—then spread upon 
hurdles, covered with leaves, and exposed for a 
few days to smoke and a strong heat, till they 
acquire a brown hue,—and then spread out in 
the sunshine till they become thoroughly dry. 
Prime cloves are comparatively large-sized, heavy, 
oily and frangible, of a fine fragrance, and very 
pungent aromatic taste; and when handled and 
finger- pressed, they should make the fingers 
smart, and leave upon them a greasy moisture. 
A powerfully aromatic oil is distilled from cloves ; 
and the best varieties of this are prepared in the 
Moluccas, and sent to Europe in bottles. A pe- 
culiar crystallizable principle, apparently a sub- 
resin, was obtained by M. Lodibert from the 
cloves of the Moluccas and the West Indies, and 
designated by him caryophylline. Cloves, besides 
their well known culinary uses, possess valuable 
medicinal virtues, as powerfully stimulating aro- 
matics, and are given as corrigents to other medi- 
cines, and as principal remedies in atonic gout 
and bad cases of dyspepsia. 
CLUB-GRASS,—botanically Corynephorus. A 
small genus of grasses, of the oat tribe. The 
white species, Corynephorus canescens, called by 
Sowerby and Smith Azra canescens, grows wild on 
the sandy shores of England. Its root is peren- 
nial; its culm is 6 or 8 inches high; its flowers 
appear in July and August; and its jointed beard 
terminates in a club-shaped articulation, which 
gives occasion to its popular name. 
CLUB-MOSS. See Lycopopium. 
CLUB-RUSH,—botanically Scirpus. A genus 
of perennial, cyperaceous plants of the rush or 
sedge tribe. They have somewhat the appearance 
of very coarse grasses, but develop their fructi- 
fication in a different manner, grow on poor soil 
or in neglected situations, and always have the 
character of rank and coarse weeds. ‘Their 
flowers, like those of the grasses, are glumaceous ; 
and the spikelets are many-flowered and profusely 
imbricated. The lake species, bull-rush, or tall 
-club-rush, Secrpus lacustris, abounds on the sides 
of lakes and rivers, on occasionally inundated 
alluvial soils, and in several other kinds of watery 
situations, and possesses considerable economical 
value. Its culm is about 6 feet high, round, filled 
with soft white pith up the centre, about half an 
inch thick at the base, and generally furnished 
at the bottom with two sheaths ; its panicle is 
terminal and decompound; and its spikelets are 
ovate and smooth, and appear in July and 
August. It is used for making mats and chair- 
bottoms, for stuffing between the staves of casks, 
and for various ether purposes; and it might 
be profitably cultivated in such periodically 
flooded alluvial grounds as are incapable of re- 
clamation from fresh-water tides or from other 
similar inundations.—The tufted species, Scorpus 
cespttosus, has usually a height of 6 or 8 inches, 
flowers in July, and abounds in many bogs and 
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