| 
CLUMP. 
turfy heaths. The few-flowered species, Scvrpus 
paucifiorus, has about the same height as the pre- 
ceding, flowers in August, and occurs in moun- 
tainous bogs. The triangular species, Scirpus 
triquetus, has a height of about a yard, flowers in 
August, and grows in English marshes. The 
glaucous species, Scirpus glaucus, has a height 
of about two feet, flowers in July and August, 
and occurs in the salt marshes of England.—The 
species called S. rufus, S. caricinus, S. sylvaticus, 
S. maritimus, and S. cartnatus, are also indigenous, 
and usually have heights of respectively 4, 1, 14, 
2, and 3 feet. Seven or eight species have been 
introduced from foreign countries; and upwards 
of an hundred others have been scientifically 
described. 
CLUMP. A number of shrubs or trees grow- 
ing together in an isolated group. 
CLUSIA. See Batsam-Tren. 
CLUSTER. A raceme, bunch or group. The 
name is employed in such varied ways as to 
designate a raceme of flowers, a bunch of grapes 
| or currants, and a clump in turnip-crops. 
CLUSTER-GRAPE, The small black grape, 
or currant grape. See Grape and VINE. 
CLUSTER-PINE. The pinaster. See Prive. 
CLUTIA, or Cruytia. A genus of beautiful, 
evergreen, tender small shrubs, of the spurge 
family. Two species have been introduced to 
our hothouses from India, and ten to our green- 
houses from the Cape of Good Hope; and several 
more are known to botanists. All the introduced 
species are handsome; all the Cape species are 
valuable for blooming in winter or early spring; 
and the species called pulchella, alaternoides, daph- 
nordes, polygonordes, tomentosa, polyfolia, and eri- 
coides, are the chief favourites. The flowers of 
all are white. 
CLYMENUM, — botanically Lathyrus clyme- 
num. A hardy, climbing, ornamental, leguminous 
annual, of the everlasting pea genus. It attains 
a height of 4 feet, and carries red and blue papi- 
lionaceous flowers in June and July. It is a na- 
tive of the Levant. A subdivision of lathyri, 
comprising about a dozen species, takes the cly- 
menum as its type. 
CLYSTER. See Guyster. 
CNEORUM. A small genus of beautiful ever- 
green shrubs, of the turpentine-tree tribe. The 
three-grained species, or widow-wail, C. tricoccum, 
is a native of dry gravelly soils in Spain, Italy, 
and the south of France, and was introduced to 
Britain in 1793. Its stem consists of very hard 
wood, and is 3 or 4 feet high, and very much 
branched; its young branches are smooth and 
pale green, and its old ones brown; its foliage is 
smooth, dark green, and very handsome, and 
combines with the arrangement of the branches 
to recommend the plant to a front situation in a 
shrubbery; and its flowers are yellow and in- 
conspicuous, grow from the wings of the leaves, 
and bloom from April till November. Another 
species, called the powdery, C. pulverulentum, was 
COAL. 
829 
brought, in 1822, from Madeira.—The name 
eneorum is also the specific designation of three 
ornamental evergreen undershrubs of other gen- 
era. The Convolvulus cneorum has pink flowers, 
grows a yard high, and was long ago brought 
from the Levant; the Pleurandia cneorum, or 
garland - flower, has yellow flowers, grows two 
feet high, and was recently brought from the 
Cape of Good Hope; and the Daphne eneorum, or 
old garland-flower, has pink flowers, grows 15 
inches high, and was brought, about the middle 
of last century, from Austria. 
CNEPHASIA. See Turpenrine-Morn. 
CNICUS. See Tuistiz. 
COACH. See Carriage. 
COAGULATION. See Arpumen. 
COAGULUM. See Curxsz, Curp, Boop, and 
RENNET. 
COAL. This well-known substance consists 
essentially of carbonaceous matter, and, in one 
variety, the blind coal (see AnrHRacITE), this is 
nearly pure; but, in the greater number of the 
varieties of coal, there is present a soft, bitumin- 
ous matter, which communicates to them some 
peculiar properties. Those which contain much 
bitumen are highly inflammable, and burn with 
a bright flame; those in which the carbon pre- 
dominates burn less vividly. Numerous varie- | 
ties of coal exist, deriving distinctions partly 
from their state of aggregation, but principally 
from the proportions of their bitumen and car- 
bon. Excepting the anthracite, they may be 
treated of under the two divisions of black coals 
and brown coals. The colour of brown coal, as 
its name imports, is brown: it possesses a lig- 
neous structure, or consists of earthy particles. 
The colour of black coal is black, not inclining 
to brown, and it does not possess the structure 
of wood. 
The varieties of brown coal are the following :— 
bituminous wood, which presents a igneous tex- 
ture, and very seldom any thing like conchoidal 
fracture, and is without lustre; earthy coal, con- 
sisting of loose, friable particles; moor coal, dis- 
tinguished by the want of ligneous structure, by 
the property of bursting and splitting into angu- 
lar fragments, when removed from its original 
repository, and the low degree of lustre upon its 
imperfect conchoidal fracture ; common brown 
coal, which, though it still shows traces of lig- 
neous texture, is of more firm consistency than 
the rest of the varieties, and possesses higher 
degrees of lustre upon its more perfect conchoidal 
fracture. 
Some varieties of black coal immediately join 
those of brown coal. They are, prtch coal, of a 
velvet-black colour, generally inclining to brown, 
strong lustre, and presenting, in every direction, 
a large and perfect conchoidal fracture ; slate coal, 
possessing a more or less coarse, slaty structure, 
which, however, seems to be rather a kind of 
lamellar composition than real fracture ; foliated 
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