CONNARUS. 
and dammara. Most of the order, particularly 
the numerous pines, the numerous firs, the yews, 
| the cypresses, and the arbor vites, are inhabitants 
of the northern parts of the world; and many of 
these constitute immense forests, while some grow 
wild and afford shelter and profit in situations 
too alpine, sterile, or frigid to be occupied by any 
other kind of trees. The greater number are ever- 
greens, and afford, by means of their hard, persis- 
tent, linear foliage, a hybernal protection amidst 
snows and tempests which would speedily exter- 
minate the more showy evergreens of the south. 
The timber of numerous kinds of conifere, 
under the names of fir, pine, deal, memel, red 
cedar, sandarach wood, and other designations, 
is most extensively used in building and in many 
other arts, and forms a large proportion of the 
timber of commerce. The resins and terebinta- 
ceous juices of many species constitute the pitch, 
turpentines, Canada balsam, and some other simi- 
lar substances so extensively used in the arts, 
and occasionally in medicine. The seeds of all 
are oily; and those of four or five species are 
eatable; but those of the yew are poisonous. A 
number of species have been very extensively 
and most advantageously employed in the for- 
mation of the modern plantations of Britain,— 
particularly in those of moorland and mountain- 
ous districts; and very many of the species form 
fine ornaments of the park, and contribute largely 
to the achievements of landscape - gardening ; 
while a few, such as the auracarias, the altingias, 
the cunninghamias, Salisburia adiantifolia, and 
some of the rare and curious pines, are worthy 
of a prominent place in a select and sheltered 
shrubbery or in the conservatory and the green- 
house. 
_CONIUM. See Hemtock and AracacHa, 
CONNARUS. A genus of ornamental, ever- 
green, tropical shrubs, of the terebinth order. 
Three species of it, the panicled, the shining, and 
the pubescent, were introduced about 20 or 25 
years ago to Britain; and four other species have 
been described. They have pinnated, alternate, 
unstipulate leaves, and polypetalous, white-col- 
oured, ten-stamened flowers; and their seeds 
possess the singular character of having the em- 
bryo at the remote end from the hilum. Three 
genera of terebinthaceze,—connarus, cnestis, and 
omphalobium—are usually classed together as a 
tribe under the name of Connaraceee. 
CONOCARPUS. See Burton-Trez. 
CONSERVATORY. A glazed structure for 
the hybernal or constant protection of tender or 
half-tender exotic plants. It has a great variety 
of form and destination; but, in general, may be 
regarded as in principle the same thing for large 
plants which a greenhouse is for small ones. See 
the article GREENHOUSE. 
CONSERVE. See Conrection. 
CONSTIPATION. An animal’s undue reten- 
tion or imperfect evacuation of the feeces. See 
the article CosTIVENEss. 
CONSUMPTION. 
899 
CONSUMPTION,—scientifically Phthisis pul- 
monalis. A well-known fatal disease of the lungs 
of animals. It is not very uncommon in the 
horse. It occurs in that animal, sometimes as a 
primary or constitutional affection, but more 
generally as a consequence of bronchitis, pleurisy, 
or pneumonia. A horse, when attacked with it, 
contracts a short, dry cough, loses the glossiness 
and fine condition of his coat, and becomes easily 
fatigued by exertion. His pulse at first is but 
little affected, but afterwards becomes quickened, 
comparatively small, and very easy of accelera- 
tion. He gradually loses appetite, afterwards 
emits from the nose a mixture of pus and mucus, 
and eventually emits from both nose and mouth, 
when coughing, a mixture of pus, mucus, and coa- 
gulum. In the advanced stages of the disease, the 
purulent and clotty discharge is fetid, the hair falls 
off, and the whole body is emaciated ; and at last, 
the animal either sinks under the hectic irritation 
or is suffocated by accumulations of the coagulum 
and pus. The virus of the disease is a tubercu- 
lated state of the lungs; in its early stages, the 
tubercles are hard, and appear, on dissection, like 
small hardened masses in the parenchyma of the 
lungs; but, in its progress, they soften, secrete 
pus, erode the walls of the lungs, spread out into 
ulcers and abscesses, and consume piece by piece - 
the substance of the organ, till either enough is 
not left for the vital discharge of the pulmonic 
function, or suffocation takes place in consequence 
of the purulent discharge. Various treatment 
for the cure of the disease has been recommend- 
ed; but the best requires to be practised before 
the disease is far gone, and can never restore the 
animal to a sound or really healthy condition. 
Consumption, in fact, either invariably kills the 
horse, or, when seemingly palliated or cured, ren- | 
ders him unfit for the objects of his existence as | 
a working animal; so that, in an economical | 
view, it is strictly incurable. 
Consumption in cattle is frequently contracted 
from a cause against which all farmers ought to 
be on their guard,—hereditary predisposition ; 
and, as in horses, it is often contracted also as a 
consequence of bronchitis, pneumonia, and other 
affections of the chest. It sometimes exists for 
a considerable period without indicating itself 
by any arresting symptom ; and it frequently 
exhibits only such symptoms as unpractised ob- 
servers are unable to distinguish from the symp- 
toms of pleurisy, or even from those of pneumonia 
or bronchitis. The earliest decided symptom, 
and indeed the guiding symptom even in an ad- 
vanced stage and in relapses, is a weak, hoarse, 
hollow, painful, gurgling cough, of so peculiar a 
character as to challenge for itself the epithet 
phthisical. “It is too common,’ remarks Mr. 
Youatt, “to say carelessly, and sometimes cruelly, 
of a human being, ‘ That person has a church- 
yard cough.’ The prediction is too often veri- 
fied ; for although it would be difficult to describe 
that cough, there is a character of its own about 
