a Nt a Ge a lh oo ap oe on a ap 
864 COPPICE. 
mas growth, pushes upward till arrested by frost, 
and is always the more valuable growth of the 
two in an oak coppice. Nowa newly cut stool 
sends up, in many instances, from ten to twelve 
Lammas growths, and, in some instances, has as 
great a profusion of them as if they rose from a 
great handful of acorns; and the practical ques- 
tion of chief moment.is, How long are these shoots 
to be permitted to grow before being thinned and 
pruned? Some foresters say that they should 
grow for ten or twelve years, in order that their 
thinnings may be of some value; some say that 
they should grow for three years, in order that 
the most vigorous may have time to show them- 
selves, and may be selected for maturing ; and 
some, including the majority in Argyleshire and 
other parts of the Scottish Highlands, say that 
they should grow for five or six years, in order 
that they may have medium advantages between 
the extremes of three years and twelve years, 
Mr. Monteath justly condemns the shortest of 
these periods as far too long, and reasons and 
advises as follows :—“ It is impossible for a tree- 
root, which is perhaps only 10 inches in circum- 
ference, or say even 20 inches in circumference, 
and few are this size, to cherish or nurse up, 
' with any degree of health or vigour, ten or even 
twenty young shoots or trees, either to three, six, 
or ten years, without the tares spoiling the wheat, 
or the lean cattle eating up the fat, as the one 
must be evidently spoiling the other; so that 
the whole crop is much spoiled and lessened in 
value when it comes to the axe, by want of early 
thinning. ‘Therefore every natural wood, the 
second year, should undergo a thinning, that is 
to say, it gets all the Lammas growth, as it is 
called, the year it is cut, and then allow it all the 
next year’s growth, when, any time after, from 
the month of October to the first of April, let the 
whole wood be gone through, and clear or take 
away all the growths or young shoots, excepting 
those you are sure of coming forward to matu- 
rity, leaving, at this time, one or perhaps two 
shoots more on every stool, than what it may be 
supposed able to nurse up to the full time of 
cutting. Great care ought to be taken at this 
time to divide the shoots that are to remain 
equally, that is to say, to have them at as equal 
distances from one another, round about the 
stool, as possible; at the same time, not leaving 
on any stool, unless a very large one, and that too 
in an open part of the wood, more than six or 
eight shoots. This will be found to be as much 
as any stool can nurse up to the usual age for 
any purpose. By this early thinning, you have 
it in your power to leave just such a crop upon 
the ground, or rather upon your stools, as you 
are sure nature is able to cherish and nurse up, 
without overburdening it. At this early period 
of the thinning, too, you can do it easily, with- 
out in the least injuring the shoots that are to 
_Yremain, as it can be readily done with a short 
knife; but the newly invented instrument for 
CORCHORUS. 
thinning natural stools will be found much more 
handy, and will do it more speedily, safer, and 
to better purpose, which we may term the cop- 
pice thinning-chisel, cutting them off close to 
where they come out from the stool; and at this 
time, too, you have an excellent choice of shoots.” 
—Monteath’s Forester’s Guide.—Nicol’s Planter’s 
Kalendar.—Sir John Sinclair’s Code of Agricul- 
ture—Marshall’s Rural Economy of the West of 
Lingland—Marshal’’s Rural Economy of the South 
of England—Knowledge Society's Useful and Or- 
namental Planting.—Lisle’s Husbandry.—Mortv- 
mer’s Husbandry. 
CORAL BUSH OF ICHABOH. See Crerapra. 
CORAL-ROOT,—hbotanically Corallorrhiza. A 
genus of curious tuberous-rooted plants, of the 
orchis tribe. The inborn species, C. ‘nnata, grows 
wild in the marshy woods of Scotland, but is rare. 
Its root is fleshy, branching, and brownish yel- 
low; its stem is solitary and about six inches 
high; and its flowers have a yellowish green col- 
our, are produced in clusters of from five to ten, 
and appear in June and July. It has no leaves. 
It exhales, when drying, a powerful and delicious 
fragrance like that of the aromatic vanilla; and 
it retains some of this fragrance during many 
years. 
North America. 
CORAL-TREE. See Hryrurina. 
CORALWORT. See Denvarra. | 
CORCHORUS. A genus of tropical plants, of 
the lime-tree tribe. 
troduced to Britain; and about fifteen others 
have been described. Four of the introduced 
species are annuals, and six are evergreen, under- 
shrubs; and from two of the former, C. olitorius 
and ©. capsularis, the Hindoos manufacture a 
very good cordage. Some or most are supposed 
to be medicinal; all take their name of corchorus 
from a word which signifies “to purge ;” and most 
seem to have formerly borne, among British gar- 
deners, the name of Jew’s mallow. Miller gives 
the following account of one of the annual spe- 
cles,—apparently C. olztorvus,—which he calls 
Common Jews’ mallow:—“This species, Rau- 
wolf says, is sown in great plenty about Aleppo 
as a potherb, the Jews boiling the leaves to eat 
with their meat. This he supposes to be the 
Olus judaicum of Avicenna, and the Corchurum 
of Pliny. This plant grows in the East and West 
Indies; and in the former, it is used in the same 
manner as in the Levant. It rises about two 
feet high, dividing into several branches, gar- 
nished with leaves of different sizes and form ; 
some are spear-shaped, others oval and almost 
heart-shaped; they are of a deep green, and 
slightly indented on their edges, having near 
their base two bristly segments, which are re- 
flexed; they have very long slender footstalks, 
especially those which grow on the lower part of 
the branches. The flowers sit close on the oppo- 
site side of the branches to the leaves, coming 
Two species, the tooth-rooted and the | 
many-flowered, were introduced in 1820, from | 
Ten species have been in- | 
