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CYMBOPOGON. 
alludes to the boat-shaped form of the label- 
lum. 
CYMBOPOGON. A small genus of grasses, 
of the arundinaceous division. The lemon-grass 
species, Cymbopogon schenanthus, called by Lin- 
neus Andropogon schenanthus, was introduced 
to Britain from India about 60 years ago. It is 
perennial-rooted, grows to the height of 24 or 30 
inches, and has a fragrant smell and an aromatic 
taste. It is popularly known in India as the 
Spice-grass; an infusion of its toasted seeds is 
there given to children, to assist digestion ; and 
the grass itself is sometimes used as a material 
for thatching. Five or six other species have 
been botanically described. 
 CYMINUM. See Cumin. 
CYNANCHUM. A genus of ornamental plants, 
of the swallow-wort order. The acute-leaved 
species, C. acutum, is a native of the south of 
Europe, and was introduced to Britain toward 
the close of the 16th century. Its root is strong, 
creeping, and perennial, and spreads to a consid- 
erable distance; its stems are herbaceous, twist 
about everything near them, rise to the height 
of from 3 to 6 feet, and die to the ground in au- 
tumn ; its leaves are smooth, pointed, and oblong 
heart-shaped, and grow oppositely, by pairs, on 
long footstalks; and its flowers are produced in 
small bunches from the wings of the leaves, have 
a dirty white colour, and appear in June and 
July.—The round-leaved or Montpelier species, 
| C. monspeliacum, was introduced to Britain from 
the south of Hurope about the same time as the 
preceding species; and it closely resembles that 
species in height, habit, florification, and other 
characters, but differs from it in having broad, 
reniform, roundish leaves. Both of these species 
are exceedingly hardy, and will grow in almost 
any soil or situation, and will overrun any small 
plants which are near them; and, on being 
wounded, they emit a milky juice. They are 
readily propagated by autumnal division of 
the root, and require no care.—The. extended 
species, C. extensum, called by some botanists 
Demia exctensa, is a native of India, and was in- 
troduced to Britain about 70 years ago. It is 
an evergreen ligneous twiner of about 4 feet in 
height, and carries white flowers in July and 
August. Its leaves have a disagreeable smell 
and a somewhat nauseous taste; and the juice 
of them is both emetic and aperient, and is used 
in India as a remedy for jaundice.—The twiggy 
species, C. viminale, called by some botanists 
Sarcostemma viminalis, is also a native of India, 
and an evergreen ligneous twiner, and was in- 
troduced to Britain about 115 years ago. It at- 
tains about twice the height of the extended 
species. Its young shoots and tender stems are 
eaten by the Hindoos.—Upwards of 20 other spe- 
cies have been introduced to Britain, nearly one 
half of them hardy and herbaceous, and most of 
the others tropical, ligneous, evergreen twiners ; 
and nearly 30 additional species have been bo- 
CYNOSURUS. 
tanically. described. Some of the introduced 
species have been popularly designated dog’s- 
bane and Montpelier scammony; and their nox- 
ious power over dogs is alluded to in the name 
Cynanchum, which signifies ‘dog-strangler.’ 
aCYNAPIUM. See Foor’s Parsrzy. 
CYNARA. See ArricHoxe and Carnoon. 
CYNODON. A genus of grasses, of the sub- 
terminally spiked division. The dactylon spe- 
cies, C. dactylon, is an indigenous, perennial- 
rooted, creeping weed, of about a foot in height ; 
but is rare in England, and does not occur in 
Scotland. A variety of this species, called In- 
dian doob-grass, C. d. Indica, has been proposed 
for cultivation as an agricultural grass; but it is 
annual in habit, and does not attain the height 
of the normal plant. Four annual species of lit- 
tle interest have been introduced from India, 
St. Helena, and North America; and five or six 
other species are known to botanists. The name 
cynodon signifies ‘ dog’s-tooth.’ 
CYNOGLOSSUM. See Hownn’s-Tonauz. 
CYNOSURUS, — popularly Dog’s-Tail Grass. 
A genus of grasses, of the division with many- 
flowered panicles. Their panicles are spiked; 
their spikelets contain four or five florets; their 
florets are longer than their glumes; and they 
have a pinnatifid or deeply cut Hee attached to 
the base of each spikelet. 
The crested species, Cynosurus cristatus, is one 
of the indigenous, agricultural grasses of Britain. 
It grows wild both on dry pastures and on wet 
clayey soils; it makes luxuriant growths on ir- 
rigated meadows; and, both as a natural and as 
a cultivated grass, it is perfectly free from fasti- | 
diousness, and possesses a very ample‘range of 
adaptation. Its root is fibrous and perennial; 
its culm is erect, and about 18 or 24 inches high; 
its leaves are short and somewhat narrow, and 
taper to a point; the pinnatifid leaves of its 
spikelets are much longer than the spikelets | 
themselves; and its spikelets are beardless, and, 
together with their appendages, grow wholly on 
one side of the panicle. Its culms are not eaten 
by cattle, and may be seen, on even well-grazed 
pastures, standing untouched till autumn, and 
ripening their seeds; but its root-leaves are 
greedily eaten by cattle, by horses, and particu- 
larly by sheep, and are produced in comparative: 
profusion. In the Woburn experiments, on ma- 
nured brown loam, it yielded, per acre, at the 
time of flowering, 6,125 lbs. of green produce, and 
406 lbs. of nutritive matter. It constitutes a 
very considerable proportion of the herbage of 
many of the best sheep pastures, and deserves to 
be extensively introduced to such sheep-walks as 
possess either little or none of it; but it ought | 
never to be more than a minor ingredient in cat- 
tle pastures. It forms a close sward, and has 
rather fine herbage; and hence is well suited 
for bowling-greens and lawns. 
The eruca-formed or linear-spiked species, Cy- 
nosurus erucefornis,—called by some modern bo- 
