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| grounds. 
| panded and less regular head than the upright 
CYPRESS. 
a one-flowered scale calyx, two concave pointed 
stigmas, and an angular seed or nut, 
The common cypress, Cupressus sempervirens, 
is a native of Candia, Italy, Spain, and Portugal, 
and was introduced to Britain about the middle 
of the 16th century. Its leaves are imbricated, 
much united to the branchlets, somewhat keel- 
shaped, the older ones sharply-pointed and diver- 
gent, and the younger ones flattened and close; 
and its cones grow on the sides or extremities of 
the branchlets, are small and orbicular, and have 
scales which, before being ripe, are thick, green, 
and fleshy. Three varieties of it, so well defined 
as to have been frequently regarded as distinct 
species, have long been in cultivation,—the up- 
right, the spreading, and the small-fruited. The 
upright variety is a most elegant plant, and de- 
serves far more favour than it has yet received. 
It usually attains a height of about 20 or 25 feet; 
it lives to a great age; it grows quite erect; it 
has an obeliskal or oblongly conical outline, and 
a dark-green, sombre, and somewhat grotesque 
foliage; and it is well adapted by its outline for 
a place near houses, walls, or bridges with pre- 
vailingly horizontal lines, and by its solemn ap- 
pearance, and dark, evergreen, imbricated foliage 
for prominent situations in all sorts of burying- 
The spreading variety has a more ex- 
variety ; but, though inferior to it for ornamen- 
tal purposes, is superior for the economical value 
of its timber. It abounds in the Levant, and is 
there regarded as both a very common and a 
very valuable timber-tree. The wood of both 
varieties is dark or brownish red, possesses an 
agreeable sweetish fragrance, and makes an ex- 
ceedingly durable resistance to both the animal 
and the chemical causes of the usual decay of 
timber. The small-fruited variety is still more 
spreading and irregular in its boughs than even 
the spreading variety. Ifallowed plenty of room, 
and not interfered with when growing, it will 
feather itself with branches and foliage from top 
to bottom. It attains about the same height as 
the upright variety, and has a massively and 
sombrely ornamental appearance, either when 
growing alone upon a lawn, or when grouped 
with other trees in a clump. 
The thuya-like cypress, arbor-vite-like cypress, 
small blue-berried cypress, American cypress, 
American white cypress or white cedar, Cupressus 
thuyoides, called by Richard Thuja sphcroidea, is 
a native of Canada, Maryland, and other parts of 
North America, and was introduced to Britain 
in 1736. Its stem grows in its native country 
to the height of 70 or 80 feet, but usually attains 
in Britain a height of only about 10 or 15 feet ; 
its branches stand two ways, and are pretty 
numerous; its head is massive and regular; its 
leaves, though small, are imbricated like those 
of the arbor-vitee, and have a lighter or browner 
tint of green than those of the common cypress ; 
and its cones are globular, bluish or dark brown, 
925 
about a quarter of an inch in diameter, and pretty 
similar in appearance to the berries or cones of 
juniper, and are produced in great plenty all over 
the plant. Most plants of it in Britain are raised 
from cuttings, and have a strictly shrubby char- 
acter; but even these are highly ornamental in 
almost every kind of situation in which they can 
be grown. Plants raised from cones, and grown 
in moist soil, attain a comparatively great height, 
but are exceedingly tardy in growth. Trees of 
this species, soaring to the altitude of 70 or 80 
feet, but rarely having a girth of more than three 
yards, compose great masses of forest, in the salt- 
marsh maritime districts of Maryland, Virginia, 
and New Jersey. The timber is soft, light, and 
fine-grained, has a rosy tint and a strong aromatic 
fragrance, and, if properly seasoned and managed, 
is exceedingly durable. It is used for shingles, 
for boat-wood, and for almost all the manufacture 
of the cooperage. So profusely and distinctively 
is the timber employed in the last of these ways, 
in Philadelphia, as to have given the name of 
cedar-coopers to an entire class of mechanics ; 
and all the smaller trees, by having their trunks 
and chief branches split in two, are used by the 
farmers in the neighbourhood of the cedar-forests 
for making exceedingly durable field-fences and 
rails. 
The Portugal cypress or cedar of Goa, or cedar | 
of Busaco, Cupressus lusitanica, called by Lamarck 
Cupressus glauca, was introduced to Britain from 
Goa in the latter part of the 17th century. It 
possesses a conical outline till it attains its fell 
height ; and it then acquires a flattened or 
spreading top, and has large, spreading, and 
beautifully pendant branches. Its fronds or 
branchlets are thin, slender, and divergent ; its 
leaflets are four-rowed and densely imbricated, 
and have a light green colour; its male flowers 
are yellow, ovate, terminal, and numerous; and 
its cones are suborbicular and about one-third of 
an inch in diameter, and have but few scales, and 
these thick and recurved. It takes the popular 
names of Portugal cypress and cedar of Busaco, 
from the circumstance of its being extensively 
grown in the vicinity of Busaco in Portugal_—. 
The species of cypress introduced to Britain since 
the commencement of the present century, are 
the southern or slender-branched, C. australis, a 
somewhat tender plant, 10 or 12 feet high, from New 
Holland; the pendulous, C. pendula, a very beau- 
tiful but rather tender tree, 20 or 25 feet high, 
from Japan; the twisted, C. torulosa, 20 or 25 
feet high, from Nepaul; the berry-shaped, ¢. 
bacciformis, 20 or 25 feet high, from Japan ; and 
the triangular, C. triquetra, 12 or 15 feet high, 
from the Cape of Good Hope.—T'wo species which 
were long raised in British nurseries and grown 
in British shrubberies under the name of cypres- 
ses, are now regarded as not properly akin to any — 
of the genera of the cupressine, and have been 
constituted a genus of the suborder taxinz. See 
the article ScHUBERTIA. : 
