69 
Fig. 4. The same from the ventral surface, shewing the upper inner glume, and the upper pale. 
5. The inner glumes detached, side-view; the lower is short, the upper, long. 
, 6. An inner glume, from the outer surface, shewing the short cartilaginous base, and the 
long membrane fringed with hairs. 
, 7. False fruit (seed), side-view; observe the inner glumes adhering to the pales. 
z 8 The same from the ventral surface, shewing the lower pale overlapping the upper. 
, 9. False fruit, dorsal surface. 
, 10. Caryopsis, side-view. 
,, 14. Caryopsis from the dorsal edge, shewing the embryo at its base. 
,, 42. Caryopsis from the ventral edge, shewing the hilum at its base. 
,, 43. Transverse section near the apex of a leafy shoot, shewing the split leaf-sheath, and the 
convolute blade. 
., 4%. Transverse section of the flat leaf-blade extending from the midrib to the margin, shewing 
the ribs and veins; the dark parts are »hard bast«. 
» 45. The ligule. 
Botanical description. This is, like Fiorin, a completely stoloniferous grass. The stolons (fig. A) 
are at first underground; ultimately they bend up, and reaching the light and air, develope green foli- 
age and culms. The branches are all extravaginal ; beneath the ground, their course is at first horiz- 
ontal, sometimes they descend obliquely or vertically, but ultimately each bends up and forms a leafy 
branch or a culm in the air. On the underground stolons, roots and also colourless or brown scale 
leaves are produced; in the axils of the scales new branches often originate (See the buds in fig. A). 
At the base of the aerial parts, scales of a deep red colour are producd; these are succeeded higher 
up by green leaves with the blades short and rudimentary; then come the fully developed leaves with 
long blades. The culm is a firm reed, 3—7 feet high, quite smooth and shining. The leaf-sheath is 
smooth and split, the margins thin out into membranes which overlap; on the culm, the sheath is 
shorter than the internode (about half as long), and the nodes are accordingly left bare. The Jleaf-blade 
is convolute in bud (fig. 13), afterwards flat, firm, and about 1 inch broad; the margins are rough; the 
midrib is prominent on the lower surface (fig. 14); right and left, other ribs (about 6 or 7) stand out 
also on the lower surface; between these, still others are represented by fine strive (fig. 1%). On the 
transverse section, the veins (fibro-vascular bundles) are seen to extend from the upper to the lower 
surface of the blade (fig. 14). The ligule is long and somewhat acute (fig. 15). The mflorescence is a 
long panicle, spreading during flowering, but contracted both before and afterwards (fig. B). The 
spikelet is one-flowered (fig. 2), and has four glumes. The outer glumes (figs. 1 and 2) are pale green 
or somewhat purplish, almost equal, three-ribbed, and acutely keeled; the keel and the whole surface 
is made somewhat roughish by short bristle-like hairs. The imner glumes are shorter than the outer 
glumes, unequal, very narrow and fringed with hairs (fig. 3). Each is composed of a small basal piece 
which is ovate, cartilaginous, shining and glabrous; the remainder is a narrow, acute membrane fringed 
with hairs; the upper inner glume (to the right, fig. 5) is longer than the other. 
The lower pale (fig. 3) is five-ribbed, cartilaginous, white, shining, obtusely keeled, and sparsely 
hairy. The wpper pale (figs. 3 and 4) has not the usual structure, but resembles a lower pale: instead 
of being bicarinate is has a single obtuse keel; the other ribs are very indistinct. The flower (fig. 2) 
is composed of two Jodicules which are ovate, acute, and half as long as the ovary; three stamens. with 
purple anthers; and a pisti/ formed of a long glabrous ovary terminated by a pair of feathery stigmas. 
On flowering (fig. 2), the glumes and pales open at the apex; from this opening the stamens 
and stigmas protrude. The whole spikelet except the outer glumes forms the false fruit (figs. 7, 8, 9); 
it is composed of the caryopsis enveloped by the pales, to the keels of which the inner glumes now 
adhere ; the lower pale almost completely covers the other parts (fig. 8), and like the inner glumes, 
has now assumed a brown colour. The caryopsis (figs. 10—412) lies free within the pales ; it is later- 
Botanical 
description. 
