53} 
Timothy is to-day one of the most extensively cultivated grasses, not only in Great 
Britain and on the continent, but also in the United States of America. It is either sown 
pure, or in mixture with Red clover. Year by year, its cultivation is extending. On heavy, 
cold, and wet clays, its place can be taken by no other grass. The seed is very cheap, 
and easily sown, so that Timothy can be laid down at a minimum cost. It is also use- 
ful for suppressing moss. It is not, however, without drawbacks — it is somewhat late, 
and readily becomes hard. 
Varieties. »Bulbous Cats-tail« (Phieum nodosum, L.) is a variety very common on dry ground. 
It is distinguished by the tuberous swelling at the base of the culms. This is not a true variety, but 
rather an adaptation to a dry soil: — in moist ground no tuber is formed. Two other varieties are 
known: — 4. with the awn longer, and 2. with the awn shorter, than in the typical form, These 
latter varieties are, from an agricultural standpoint, equivalent to the type. 
Occurrence, Climate, Soil, Manure. This grass is indigenous to England, but as it had 
escaped the notice of agriculturists, the seed was at first imported from N. America, It is indigenous — 
to the whole of Ewrope except Arctic Russia, Greece, and a large portion of Turkey; to Africa, in 
Algiers; to Asia, in Caucasus, Georgia, Talusche, Siberia (Ural, Altai, Baikal); to N. America, in New- 
foundland, Saskatchewan and Vancouver Island. Extends over the whole United Kingdom, but is per- 
haps introduced in the Shetland and Orkney islands, the Hebrides and northern Scotland. In Ireland, it is 
not abundant. 
It occurs wild by the sides of roads, ditches, fields and on meadows and pastures, extending to 
Alpine regions. 
In England, it reaches an altitude of 1,150 ft., in Auvergne, 3,300—3,900 ft., in Upper Engadine, 
5,600 ft., in the Pyrennees, 7,900 ft., in southern Spain, 6,800—10,000 ft., in Caucasus, 2600—5250 ft, 
and at Kasbek, 9500 ft. In Scotland it ascends to 1000 feet. 
Although better adapted for moist or humid soils, it withstands drought very well. 
In dry soils, however, the spikes and leaves become somewhat stunted, and the yield 
much reduced. It withstands a rigorous winter much better than most other grasses 5 con- 
sequently it is very useful on soils on which other cultivated plants are liable to be des- 
troyed by cold. 
Timothy succeeds best on moist loams and clays. It is of the greatest value, on 
drained moors, as well as on cold, wet clays. It is precarious on sour soils, or on those 
which are scorched, shallow, and calcareous. It is often cultivated on loamy sands in 
Northern Germany, as a pasture and hay grass. 
1000 lbs. of hay remove from the soil: — 
Nitrogen. . . 45.5 Ibs. Lime . . 4 “4.7 1bs. 
Phosphoric acid 6.9 ,, Magnesia. . 4.9 ,, 
Potash (9. (2 204 +) Sulphuric acid 4.7 ,, 
Soda, 2 . ho Lie ta Silite tn” ey meen, 
Experiment has proved, that the produce of Timothy is much increased by appropriate 
manure. Heinrich, for example, has shown, that, on a light, poor, sandy soil, sulphate 
of potash produces a comparatively high yield. Liquid manure and irrigation are also 
appropriate. 
Growth, Yield, Nutritive value. Timothy forms moderately compact tufts, and so, by 
itself, only forms a thin grassy cover for the ground. It is in general late: the spikes 
only protruding from the leaf-sheaths about the end of June, and flowering commencing 
in July. Nevertheless a mixture of Timothy with other grasses, or with clovers cut at the 
Agricultural 
value. 
Varieties. 
Geographical 
distribution. 
Habitat. 
Limits of 
altitude. 
Climate. 
Soil. 
Substances 
removed from 
the soil. 
Manure. 
Growth. 
