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30 
eround is at once ploughed up, since carnation clover, cut at the time of flowering, gives 
no aftermath. Generally it is used with other clovers to form «clover-grass». Where red 
clover by itself is not a certain crop, a mixture with Italian rye-grass may succeed very 
well. On stiff medium soils about 10 °/o of Italian rye-grass mixed with 90 °/o of red clover 
may be used. As the soil becomes poorer, the percentage of rye-grass is increased so as 
to cover 50 °/o of the whole ground. In a mixture with clover, Italian rye-grass has this dis- 
advantage ; it grows quicker, and becomes hard before the growth of the clover has com- 
menced. For this reason, farmers now use a smaller proportion of Italian rye-grass and 
add other grasses such as timothy, cocksfoot, etc., which for permanence are far preferable, 
Its rapid growth allows Italian rye-grass to be used for filling gaps in clover, lucerne, and 
sainfoin fields. For this purpose, the ground is harrowed, the seed sown, and the field rolled. 
Time Used by itself, Italian rye-grass is sown in August or September. This is also the 
of sowing. pest time, where the winter is not too severe, and where no protective crop is used; but 
with a cereal as a protective crop, spring-sowing is best. ‘The seed is sown along with 
spring wheat; with winter wheat, it is sown in April, and never earlier than the end of 
March. Attempts have been made to sow it in autumn along with winter wheat, but, in 
that case, it grows faster than the wheat, and the produce of the cereal crop is much 
diminished. 
Ill. Rough Cocksfoot. 
Dactylis glomerata L. 
Explanation Fig. A. Entire plant in flower, shewing the simple tuft of grass and two inflorescences. 
of plate. ,, 1. Spikelet in flower, side-view. 
» 2. Flower with its two pales, detached from a spikelet. 
, 3 The same, with the lower pale removed; shewing 2 lodicules, 3 stamens, the pistil, and the 
upper pale. 
, 4. A pair of false fruits seen from the side. 
, 9. The same, seen from the dorsal surface of the upper false-fruit, shewing the bend at the apex. 
» 6. A false fruil, ventral surface, shewing the stalk. 
4 7. Caryopsis, ventral surface. 
,, 9. Caryopsis, dorsal surface, shewing the embryo. 
, 9 Diagram of the spikelet, shewing three flowers with their pales and a rudiment. 
,, 10. The ligule, 
,, 11. Transverse section of a young shoot, shewing 2 entire sheaths, and 2 folded blades. 
,, 12. Transverse section of the leaf-blade. 
Botanical Cocksfoot forms a simple compact tuft of grass. The tuft is not deeply seated in the ground, but 
description. stand out like a cushion; and hence the grass is easily uprooted, when depastured. No stolons are 
produced, The leafy branches are all intravaginal and ascend somewhat obliquely. They are strong, 
‘ Vigorous, and flattened at the sides. The sheaths of the old radical leaves are brown and persistent; 
within these the younger shoots have a fan-like arrangement (fig. A). The culms are strong and smooth ; 
from 18 inches to 3 ft. high. The leaves are folded in the bud, and the young shoots thus appear 
laterally compressed and two-edged (fig. 11). The sheath is complete (best seen in a section through 
the upper part of a young shoot fig. 11), and rough from above downwards. The growth and expansion 
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