Fruit, 
The weight of the anthers soon causes the filaments to bend outwards and downwards. 
Then the anthers open and allow the pollen to escape. At the same time, the stigmas spread out right 
and left between the pales, and are ready to receive pollen. After fertilization, the lower pale closes 
on the upper, and the ripening grain is thus covered up. According to Hackel, the downward motion 
of the lower pale is caused by the swelling of the lodicules (due to absorption of water); they become 
thicker and press the lower pale down. After flowering, which lasts from 1—2 hours, the lodicules 
again dry up, and the elasticity of the lower pale brings it back to its original position. 
Il. The pales scarcely open; the stamens and stigmas protrude from a minute orifice at the apex 
of the spikelet. The stigmas are in this case brush-like, whereas in the former, they are feathery. 
When the pales do not require to open, lodicules become superfluous ; they are thus absent in Timothy, | 
and mere rudiments in Sweet vernal and Meadow foxtail. 
Ill. The pales remain completely closed, the stamens never protrude, and the process of fertilization 
goes on within the closed pales — close fertilization or cleistogamy. None of the fodder grasses belong 
to this category, but many species of barley, some species of Stipa, and Leersia oryzoides behave in 
this way. 
In addition to these differences in the mode of flowering, depending on the behaviour of the 
pales, there are other variations, depending on the mode of pollination. The pollen may fertilize either 
the stigmas of its own flowers (self-fertilization), or those of another (cross-fertilization). In the special — 
descriptions the details relating to this are given, 
After fertilization the ovule becomes the seed, which soon completely fills up the cavity of the 
ovary. It fuses so intimately with the ovary wall, now called the pericarp, that the parts can only he 
distinguished by microscopic observation. . A graim of grass consists then of a seed contained in a shell 
or pericarp, and is in reality a one-seeded fruit. Technically it is a caryopsis, i. e. a one-seeded, dry, 
indehiscent fruit, with the seed adhering to the pericarp. By farmers and seedsmen, the caryopsis, 
although a fruit, is always spoken of as a »seed«; in the agricultural parts of this work it will 
usually be designated »seed«. In the botanical descriptions and in the explanation of the plates, the 
caryopsis is always mentioned as »true-fruit«. It is of little consequence whether it is designated »seed« 
or »fruit«. The bulk of the grain is certainly a seed, the presence of the thin outer skin or pericarp 
alone entitles the whole structure to be called »fruit«. 
Among fodder grasses the fruit remains, at maturity, covered by the pales, but in wheat and rye, | 
it separates from them and the grains are naked. Exceptionally, among commercial seed of Cocksfoot, 
naked fruits may occur; usually, however, the fruit or grass is enclosed in the pales; the glumes may 
also be present as in Yorkshire fog (Pl. VII, Fig. 7), and Meadow foxtail (Pl. IX, Fig. 5) and in these 
the whole spikelet forms the fruit. When the fruit is enveloped by pales it is called false fruit, to— 
distinguish it from the true /rwit, the caryopsis, which is formed from the ripe ovary alone. These 
false-fruits are aso called »seeds« in ordinary language, 
At maturity, many-flowered spikelets break up into detached portions, that is to say, the axis 
of the spikelet breaks up into pieces, corresponding in number to the flowers. Each portion of the 
broken up spikelet is composed of a part of the axis, called the stalk, and the false fruit attached to 
its base. The stalk lies in front and between the two keels of the upper pale (See Pl. I, Fig. 5). 
Qn the true fruit or caryopsis the ventral and dorsal surfaces can be distinguished; the former is 
next the upper, the latter, next the lower pale. At the base of the dorsal surface is the embryo. It 
occupies a depression in the albumen of the seed, and is covered merely by the thin pericarp and seed 
skin; hence it is so readily seen. On the ventral surface, there is often a groove, and at times, the 
hilum — the spot at which the seed is attached to the pericarp — can also be seen. On the cary- 
opsis of Meadow fescue, for example, the hilum forms a longitudinal line (Pl. IV, Fig. 6). 
