THE HOME LAND. 7 
of the races and tribes, shows that they were confined to Surigao in 
extreme northeast Mindanao. If these dwarfs ever inhabited any por- 
tion of the Zamboanga and Dapitan districts, every trace has long 
ago disappeared. ‘These districts, from an aboriginal viewpoint, 
form the Subanu country, which has been held by them exclusively, 
especially the mountain areas, from the earliest times. 
The Subanu have never left their home country (the panhandle of 
Mindanao) except as they have been carried away in involuntary ser- 
vitude by Moros and Filipinos. Originally occupying the entire land 
area to the coast line, they have been gradually driven back into the 
most inaccessible portions of the mountainous interior by the raids and 
exploitation of their long-time enemies, the Moros and Filipinos. 
There is a legend among the Subanu that their first chief was a 
giant by the name of Tabunaway; that he lived and ruled over his 
people before the appearance of the Moros and therefore before the 
coming of the Spaniards; that his residence was near the place now 
called Zamboanga, then known as Nawang; that when the first Moros 
(about the year 1380) came, they wanted to exchange their fish for the 
fruit of the land and guided their boat up a river into the hills for the 
purpose; the fish were placed on the rocks at the landing-place and the 
Moros retired to await the coming of the hill people who, when they 
came down the trail and saw the strange fish, tried them for food and 
were pleased; so they gave of their own food (rice, sugar-cane, and b1) 
and placed it on the stones from which the fish were taken. ‘Thus 
began, several centuries ago, the exchange of products between the hill 
people and the coast or sea people. ‘The industrial significance of this 
primitive trade relation, as a factor in the political and commercial 
development of these natives, was not appreciated by the Spanish. 
After American occupation in 1899 the writer began the study of these 
trade relations between the hill people and the coast people, which in 
1904 resulted in the development of the Moro Exchange system of 
markets, trading stores and tribal ward farms, which by June 30, ro1t, 
were turning out a business of 1,000,000 pesos annually. So much for 
the controlled productive development of a savage people which pro- 
vides for honest living and moral responsibility while industrial uplift is 
being promoted. 
Localities and association with other people affect the Subanu to 
some extent, more especially in dialect, in dress, and in methods of 
agriculture. According to locality these people may be designated as 
follows: 
1. Subanu of Dapitan (Illaya valley). 8. Subanu of Kipit (modern Spanish, 
2. Subanu of the Dipolog valley. Quipit; old Spanish, by Pigafetta, 
3. Subanu of Bukidnon, Misamis strip. Chipit, Chippit, Cippit; by the Ro- 
4. Subanu of Manukan valley. teiro, Capyam, Quype; by Peter 
5. Subanu of Sindangan Bay. Martyr, Chipico; in Transylvanus, 
6. Subanu of Panganuran and Coronado. Gibity; and in Barros, Quepindo). 
7. Subanu of Siukun (Sicogon, Siocon). 9. Subanu of Malayal and Patalun. 
