SLOW MODIFICATION OF CULTURE. 13 
in solution and in such a way that they could not see it but could taste 
it. The explanation was continued further to show the Subanu how 
the salt cakes were made by the Kalibugans, at certain of their coast 
rancherias, by the artificial evaporation of sea water. For years these 
Subanu had been trading vegetables, mountain rice, and corninexchange 
for salt cakes, but had not the slightest idea how the cakes were made 
and no curiosity to find the source of supply. The Kalibugans had 
learned from the Chinese traders the process of making salt cakes from 
sea water. The Subanu are very fond of this salt (asin) to use with 
their food and are always ready to make a trade for it. 
In spite of continued contact with these alien influences, the 
Subanu have preserved their tribal unity, their distinct customs, their 
dialect, and their religion. The situation is a remarkable one, consider- 
ing their simple patriarchal form of government and lack of warlike 
instincts, and probably they could not have withstood the aggressive 
control of outside forces but for the fact that as this pressure became 
more and more persistent the Subanu moved farther and farther into 
the inaccessible interior. Here they found vast areas of rich virgin 
soil, wild fruits and vegetables in abundance, together with wild fowl 
and swine, and an abundance of fresh-water streams. 
The strongest external influence has been that exerted by the 
Moros (Mohammedans), far exceeding the powerful efforts made by the 
Catholic Church through its zealous missionaries, backed up by gov- 
ernment forces. As a result of the Moro influence, a new tribal name 
was long ago given those Subanu who became converts to Moham- 
medanism; such converts are Kalibugans (Kalibogans). ‘The word is 
made up of the Visaya radical libug or libog, and the Magindanao-Sulu 
prefix ka and suffix an. ‘The radical signifies ‘“‘of mixed blood”’ or ‘‘of 
mixed faith’? and may be applied to persons and animals; thus, the 
offspring of a free person and a slave; of one race with another; of a 
wild animal with a domesticated one; of one tribe with another; or a 
marriage between persons of different religious beliefs, as a Subanu 
with a Moro, or a Spaniard witha native. ‘The particles ka and an are 
used to form derivative nouns, and in this construction the name Kali- 
bugan signifies a person of mixed Subanu and Moro blood. In marriages 
of this combination the Subanu invariably becomes a convert to Islam- 
ism; the reverse has never been reported. Once a Mohammedan, 
always so,is the historical record of this faith throughout the world. 
The Subanu who becomes a Kalibugan is at once freed from the 
stigma of being considered an infidel and is established upon a footing 
of friendliness and of freedom from many annoyances and burdens 
which the Moros have always placed upon the Subanu, including peon- 
age and slavery. Having become a Kalibugan, the Subanu usually 
abandons the hills and becomes a coast dweller. Therefore the Kali- 
bugan villages are found on the coast line of the Subanu country. 
