THE INDUSTRIAL LIFE. 15 
The nearest relatives among the Subanu sometimes come to the 
relief of their apostate Kalibugans when death is about to claim them, 
or some enemy is seeking their undoing, or the strong arm of the law is 
reaching out to inflict punishment for misdeeds. 
A Kalibugan carries his record with him in his name and in his 
affiliations. Among the various Pagan and Moro tribes of the pan- 
handle of Mindanao, in the Sulu Archipelago and in the Basilan group, 
the Kalibugan is generally a vagabond; the door of welcome and pros- 
perity seems closed to him among all classes of the native people. ‘The 
Moros having general supervision over Kalibugan settlements provide 
for the maintenance of the Mohammedan hierarchy therein and thus 
hold these apostate Subanu in subjection and in obedience to the faith. 
Religious appointments are therefore held by Kalibugans, and in 
this manner they can be employed to proselytize among the heathen 
Subanu. 
THE INDUSTRIAL LIFE. 
The very name Subanu constitutes the possessor thereof a farmer.* 
His life is spent in the fields and forests. His sustenance is drawn from 
the earth by primitive agricultural methods. He seeks the isolated 
and wildest portions of the interior and relies upon his strength and 
native ingenuity to cope with nature and wring from it a means of living 
for himself and his family. 
The method of cultivation pursued by the Subanu is known as the 
kaingin system. It consists of clearing a piece of forest and planting 
the land by the use of a sharpened stick to make holes in the ground to 
receive the seed. ‘The ground is not plowed, spaded, or harrowed, and 
after the second season is usually abandoned for a new clearing. Agri- 
cultural development is seriously retarded by want of proper methods, 
the lack of efficient labor, and the varying prices of the staple products. 
The native planter can contend with low prices and insufficient and 
inefficient labor with much better success than can the Americans and 
Europeans likewise engaged. ‘The latter have not only more expensive 
methods of living, but their cost of operating plantations is much 
greater. The kaingin method of farming involves a great waste of 
- labor and materials and must be eventually interdicted by appropriate 
laws, rigidly enforced. Under section 25 of Act No. 1148 of the Philip- 
pine Commission: 
The cutting, clearing, or destroying of the public forests or the forest . 
reserves, or any part thereof, for the purpose of making kaingins, without 
lawful authority, is hereby prohibited. And whoever, in violation of this pro- 
vision, shall cut, clear, or destroy the same, for such purpose, or shall wilfully 
or negligently set fire thereto, shall, wpon conviction by a court of competent 
jurisdiction, be punished by a fine not exceeding a sum equivalent to twice the 
regular government charge upon the timber so cut, cleared, or destroyed, and, 
*The sole instance of the word in the accompanying vocabulary is somoctoloan noc 
subanon, with the definition ‘‘ peasant.’”—W. C. 
