16 THE SUBANU. 
in addition thereto by imprisonment not exceeding thirty days, in the dis- 
cretion of the court. 
The author has held many meetings with the mountain people, 
including both Christians and non-Christians, and has explained to 
them the great waste attendant upon the practice of the kaingin 
method of agriculture. The cleared land is not cultivated in any sense, 
but only planted between the stumps. This method may be briefly 
described in its regular order of development as follows: 
1. Ruthless cutting of timber, saving not even desirable trees for shade. 
2. Leaving the timber, goodand bad, whereit falls until dry enough to burn. 
3. Indiscriminate burning of all fallen timber, with no effort to preserve 
any portion of it for lumber or for building purposes. 
4. No efforts to improve the land by removing stumps, partially burned 
timber, or stones. 
5. The land thus cleared is planted to rice, corn, camotes, ubi, gabi, tobacco, 
vegetables, buyo, and occasionally some fruit like bananas and papayas. Seed 
is placed in small holes made with sharpened sticks; tubers, cuttings, and 
young plants are transplanted. 
6. The soil is moist, covered with rich humus, very fertile and easily 
cultivated, but soon dries out by reason of the absence of all shade, although 
the ashes and humus afford considerable protection from the burning rays of 
the sun and the drying effect of the winds. 
7. After planting, the clearing is generally neglected. If the seeds germi- 
nate, the plants take care of themselves. ‘The weeds and second tree growth 
have an equal chance with the crops. 
8. The crops receive attention only to prevent their destruction by 
monkeys, rats, mice, wild hogs, wild fowl, deer, and insect pests. 
g. Crops are harvested when mature andthe surplus, over and above that 
required for daily consumption, is stored in large cylindrical baskets, in size 
about 5 by 10 feet, open at both ends, the lower end resting on a platform 
raised about 4 feet above the ground. ‘These granaries are called lulu tongalang 
and consist of several baskets placed side by side and covered over with a grass 
or nipa shed. ‘The baskets are usually made from the split stalks of the bagaki 
rattan, woven into a large mat of little squares; when of the required dimen- 
sions, this is rolled into the cylindrical basket and the two ends fastened 
together with strips of bejuco rattan. ‘These baskets are sometimes made 
from the inner bark of the bakawan tree or from the dried fronds of the areca 
palm. 
10. This terminates the first year of the kaingin method of agriculture as 
followed by the Subanu. In beginning the second year an effort is made to 
burn off the grass, weeds, and second tree growth that have made great head- 
way during the progress of the first year’s crops. The burning must be done 
during the dry period and is generally only partially successful, but the ashes 
mulch the soil and preserve the moisture therein. 
11. ‘There is no plowing or other form of upturning of the soil. The seeds 
are placed in holes made by a sharpened stick, as at the beginning of the first 
year, but they do not germinate as successfully as when the land is cleaner 
and more moist. ‘The refuse growth of the first year has diminished the 
fertility of the soil. 
12. It now becomes a question of the survival of the strongest—crops, 
weeds, or second tree growth. ‘The same protection as during the first year 
must be exercised against monkeys, wild hogs, rats, mice, deer, and insects. 
