THE INDUSTRIAL LIFE. 19 
covers the ground with a mass of leaves that are sometimes boiled and 
used as greens. The Subanu occasionally cultivate a tuber called 
camote-cahoy (camoting-cahoy, guccu or cassava), whose fecula is known 
astapioca. In preparing the root for food it is necessary to grate, wash, 
and press it so as to express the juice. The remaining material is the 
flour or tapioca, which is white or yellowish-white in color, sweetish in 
taste, and somewhat insipid. Itis much valued in medicine on account 
of its digestibility and is often used as food for children and sick people. 
Camote-cahoy grows above ground as a shrub, having a single stalk 4 
to 6 feet in height, with a tuft of succulent leaves at the top. 
When the rice crop fails the Subanu make use of burz and lumbia or 
lumbay. Both belong to the palm family and grow to trees of large 
size, topped with large fan-like leaves, all gathered at the apex of the 
tree, like the coconut palm. ‘The interior of the entire trunk of these 
trees forms a starchy flour which is used for food and is of great nutri- 
tive value. The bagsang palm is used in a similar manner, and also the 
pagahan and canong palms, each of which supplies a starchy flour or 
kind of sago that forms an excellent article of food. The Subanu do 
not cultivate any of these sago palms, but search for them in the forests, 
especially along the streams, and mark the localities so that when this 
class of food is required the trees can be found and converted into flour. 
When cultivated crops entirely fail because of droughts and the 
ravages of insect pests, the Subanu must resort to the several varieties 
of the sago palm and to certain wild edible roots for food. In some 
localities they cultivate an excellent squash, egg-plant, and melon. ‘To 
some extent bananas, papayas, pineapples, mangcas, and lanzones are 
cultivated for fruit. There are several varieties of bananas in the 
Subanu country, some of which are eaten raw, while others must be 
cooked to prepare them for food. Pedro Delgado enumerates and 
describes 57 varieties of bananas grown in the Philippine Islands, vary- 
ing greatly in form and taste, and all available for food. 
Fences are made of split bamboo and small poles about the size of 
the thumb. The poles are set upright in the ground and fastened 
together at the top and midway by interlacing of tough roots (baging) 
or with whole bejuco rattans. ‘The bamboo fences are flimsily made; 
sometimes only rattan strands are used withneither posts nor other sup- 
ports. The more civilized Subanu employ fence-like hedges of arapidly 
growing tree, set in the ground as stakes as close together as possible; 
these stakes never fail to take root. When 6 to 8 feet high they are 
lopped off and interlaced with split rattans. 
To a limited extent the Subanu cultivate coconuts and employ the 
nuts for food and for trade. Hemp (abaca) is grown and the fiber used 
for rope and for weaving cloth, the surplus being exchanged in the mar- 
kets for manufactured articles. From the forests the Subanu gather 
gutta-percha, almaciga, bulitic,and beeswax, all used in trade. 
