CHARACTERISTICS AND HABITS. 31 
the hand. ‘The spirits may come upon earth in a form resembling that 
of the person who has the counterpart soul. 
The Subanu have so long been in subjection to the Mohammedans 
and Christians who surround them, and have been compelled to pay 
tribute and obey the commands of such self-appointed rulers, that they 
have become timid, unwarlike, and non-progressive. ‘Io escape menial 
service and tribute they have acquired deceptive and lying traits of 
character, so that they are denounced as untrustworthy and as devoid 
oi the characteristics which tend to develop a strong and prosperous 
people. At times, when driven into a corner and brutally imposed 
upon, they have resisted their persecutors with ferocity. They can and 
will fight when exposed to repeated indignities and to the violation of 
their homes; but many instances could be given to illustrate how they 
have been cut to pieces and robbed of everything by marauding bands 
of Moros, even while extending the hand of friendship and hospitality 
to their treacherous visitors. This was the penalty for having acquired 
some comforts and surplus products, over and above the barest neces- 
sities of maintaining life, thus exciting the cupidity of their persistent 
enemies. Continuing for several centuries, these methods have devel- 
oped an inveterately hostile relation between the hill people and the 
shore people. 
Following in the wake of the Moros, the Christians have ruthlessly 
applied to the hill people a raiding system that has kept the Subanu in 
ignorance and poverty, seriously retarding the development of the coun- 
try. Naturally, under such blighting influences, the Subanu are cowed, 
suspicious, and superstitious. Having withstood every form of adver- 
sity and preserved their dialect, religion, customs, and industries, these 
people now deserve patient, strong, and continued support. ‘Their bad 
habits must be borne with, their virtues commended, and the way of 
advancement made easy under protection and supervision. ‘They are 
the natural farmers of the country they inhabit, and only their adapta- 
bility to the cultivation of the soil, with its inherent richness, has saved 
them from extermination by the rapacity of the Mohammedans and 
Christians. It is no mean record that they have made the soil support 
both the hill people and the shore people for about three centuries. 
In contending against the difficulties of their settlement life the 
Subanu have gradually adopted an effective quarantine service against 
the spread of infectious diseases like smallpox, measles, and cholera. 
Upon the appearance of the first case among any of the settlement fami- 
lies the timuai orders the establishment of the signals of quarantine and 
these are quickly provided. Fences of poles and split bamboo or bejuco 
are erected across the main trails leading to the houses of the settlement. 
On these fences are placed, in fixed positions, carved imitations of war 
weapons, such as spears, kampzlans, barongs, and piras, pointed outward 
to warn the approaching stranger or visitor to remain away. It isa 
