96 THE SUBANU. 
In a single case, cana—mangan, we have recessive mutation from 
mute to nasal. In three cases we find a k in Bontoc which is absent 
in Subanu; basa—fasaek, siyu—siko, tao—takao. 
Passing now to the linguals we find no more than one instance of a 
mutation affecting the sibilant. This occurs in sopingiping, and we 
are unable to determine if it is a Subanu assumption or a Bontoc abra- 
sion, except in so far as the Visayan aping is indicative. The instances 
where S is common are set forth in this table: 
Subanu. Bontoc. Subanu. Bontoc. Subanu. Bontoc. 
basa fasaek poso sigupan songyopan 
buis fuys baosig sinbaan simfan 
gwasay wasay isa sising singsing 
lasag kalasay saguing saking siyu siko 
lusung luson salamin salming sombag sumfad 
masin asin salapi salapi sulat suladak 
minsan mamingsan sawa asawa sulu sillu 
gosa ogsa siam siam 
We find the sonant lingual mute d unaltered in four instances: 
di—ad1, galad—alad, palad-talad, tolod-ttoludko. In three vocables we 
encounter the slight recessive mutation d—tj; dalan-tjalan, dila-tjila, 
and d-—dj in dua—djua, as to which we note that each is initial. In 
gapid—apik we meet a mutation out of series, from lingual backward 
to palatal; it is suggestive of the kappation of modern Polynesian. 
The surd lingual mute t remains commonly without mutation, as 
shown in this table: 
Subanu. Bontoc. Subanu. Bontoc. Subanu. Bontoc. 
bato bato mata mata tao takao 
gatai atoy pat ipat tee tae 
gatop atep patik fatek tolo tolo 
goyamet komaot pito pito toon taaowin 
gutek utek 
The mutation from surd to sonant, t-d, occurs in three stems; 
gugat—uad, matay—idoy, sulat—suladak. 
In the course of these studies based upon extended research in the 
phonetics of primitive speech I have sufficiently established the fact 
that when the lips are brought into use m, almost unalterable, is the 
weakest type of expression and b—p the most forceful. While m is 
fixed, positive, an unchanging modulant, we find in these languages 
the greatest play of variety in the consonants which depend for their 
formation upon the positioning of the lips. 
The sonant labial mute b scarcely exists in the Bontoc; even 
that name is uniformly spelled Fontoc by Dr. Seidenadel; it appears in 
no more than two vocables, bato—bato and bulan—buan, and for the latter 
we find the alternative fuan. In two instances we find mutation from 
sonant to surd, b-p; baga—poko, gabo-tjapo. In all other cases the 
