SUBANU-VISAYAN FILIATION. 97 
sonant mute passes to the surd spirant, b-f, in a class of consonant 
which the Subanu lacks. 
Subanu. Bontoc. Subanu. Bontoc. Subanu. Bontoc. 
baboy fafuy boligan faolengan bulan fuan 
basa fasaek booc fook sinbaan simfan 
boaya fuaya buis fuys sombag sumfad 
bocbaac fakfak 
The mutations of the surd labial mute p are very infrequent. 
Two vocables afford us the p—b mutation from surd to sonant; pilak— 
bilak, pusu-—baosig. In the single instance of patik—fatek the mutation 
is yet one step more in recession, from surd mute to surd spirant. 
There is but a single case of mutation extra seriem, backward from lips 
to tongue, p-—t, in palad-talad. ‘The instances where p is common to 
the two languages are listed in this table: 
Subanu. Bontoc. Subanu. Bontoc. Subanu. Bontoc. 
gapid apik pat ipat posong poso 
gapoy apuy payung payong salapi salapi 
gatop atep pili pili sapulu polo 
lipay paley pito pito sigupan songyopan 
palay palay pono punek sopingi iping 
panga panga | 
I have presented this material in the form of the adjustment of 
the Bontoc Igorot upon the Subanu base, and for the reason that in this 
work the Subanu is the norm from which we measure divergence in 
cognate languages. To prevent the chance of error which might 
naturally arise in this manner of presentation it will be necessary to 
employ a few words in the explanation of the true fact in the case. 
It is not to be understood that the Bontoc mutation is any sort of a 
divergence from a Subanu standard or the Subanu a variation upon the 
Bontoc base, and the cases in which the two languages agree upon the 
employment of a common consonant are not at all indicative that we 
have established in such concord a primeval stem of any given vocable. 
There is a tertium quid to which each language must be referred inde- 
pendently. Mutation variety as between Subanu and Bontoc may be 
divergent variation from a primeval type, or one of the languages 
may preserve the primal type and the other exhibit mutation there- 
from. When Subanu and Bontoc are in accord it may be that they 
are also in accord with this third member of the problem; it may be 
equally the case that they accord in variation from that third member. 
The tertium quid is the stock speech from which Subanu and Bon- 
toc have derived this common element amounting to 90 items. It is 
a possibility that the Bontoc Igorot and the Subanu are widely sun- 
dered remnants of a common migration wave of closely related folk. 
This would be difficult to establish in view of the wide diversity of the 
