POLYNESIAN AND MALAYAN. 107 
For such determinant value in the matter of speech history as it 
may be found to possess, we should give particular note to the Indo- 
nesian affiliates. The Visayan not only represents the original stem of 
the word, but also is capable of carrying the signification without need 
of an auxiliary; in these two particulars, form and strength of defini- 
tion, it corresponds with the languages of Nuclear Polynesia. On the 
other hand the Malay retains the consonant of the original stem, but 
its signification is so weakened that to as (smoke) “‘vapor”’ it has been 
necessary to adjoin ap (from api, cf. item 1) “‘fire.’ In the history 
of the word, asu from smoke has come to signify any visible vapor 
and therefore has to be strengthened to convey the smoke signification 
as ‘‘fire-vapor;’’ this course of devolution and auxiliation reappears in 
the languages of southeastern and generally distal Polynesia, accom- 
panied by a weakening of the stem by loss of its central consonant. 
We thus find eastern Malaysia in accord with western Polynesia upon 
the older form and the strong sense; western Malaysia and eastern 
Polynesia upon the weak signification. The collocation is significant. 
Eastern Malaysia, particularly the Philippines, preserves the older type 
of Malayan speech; western Polynesia, the region of Nuclear Polynesia 
(which, on philological grounds, I have erected into a province), repre- 
sents the earlier or Proto-Samoan migration into the Pacific. In distal 
Polynesia we find the stronger influence of the latter or Tongafiti migra- 
tion, a junior type of the speech; it is not without moment that we 
find this in association with the western and later phase of the Malayan. 
So far as we are at liberty to interpret this in terms of folk movement, 
we read that the first Malayan comers into the Indonesian archipelago 
were in contact with the Proto-Samoan ancestors of the Polynesians; 
that the later Malayans advanced from the Asiatic continent along 
the Malacca highway and dislodged their kinsmen in an easterly direc- 
tion in order to make their own settlements in Sumatra and Java, and 
that these newcomers were in contact with the ancestors of the Tonga- 
fiti Polynesians of the junior migration. 
6. alimango a crab; Visayan alimango a crab with large claws. 
The word is evidently composite, but in neither language is it pos- 
sible to resolve it into comprehensible elements. In my study of the 
Samoan it has suggested itself to me that it might be formed of three 
elements, a-lama-ngo. Of these a plays a part in word formation which 
I recognize dimly, but which I have not yet been able to reduce to full 
comprehension; it seems to be a sign by which a descriptive vocable 
(adjectival in sense) is set apart into noun use. In the appearance of 
the Samoan crustacean which bears this name the claws are prominent, 
and in the Visayan definition their size is incorporated within the defi- 
nition; therefore the word lima, as hand or arm, might properly be 
segregated in the composite. The final element go should then be an 
