POLYNESIAN AND MALAYAN. 113 
all the more because of the absence of phonetic complication in the 
series, to direct attention upon the sense-character of the vocables of 
these primordial languages. We are far below the categories of the 
parts of speech familiar to us in the languages of richer development. 
There are but three parts of primitive speech; the demonstrative, 
expressive of individualities of place and time, and out of the place 
designation grows the person designation; the paradeictic, an operative 
class expressive of the fact that a relation exists in the sense of two 
vocables with which it is employed, the nature of the relation being 
as yet undistinguished; the attributive, the great mass of the vocabu- 
lary, the name of an object or an action or a state. It is from the 
attributives that selection is to erect into separate categories the noun 
and the adjective, the verb and the adverb; at the stage of develop- 
ment at which we find these languages of Indonesia and of Polynesia 
this function diversity is just beginning to call for discrimination. 
The verb and the noun have not yet come into independent being. 
The sense of the attributive is diffuse, unconditioned, absolute. In 
the case of fana we shall find no great difficulty in comprehending this 
inchoate phase of speech. ‘The diffuse sense is that fana is the name 
of an act of archery; it may therefore express any one of the details 
which we find it necessary to express in three distinct forms; it does 
express sufficiently any one of them, inasmuch as to the minds of the 
users of these languages it expresses them all in one unconditioned 
statement. Thus it amply expresses the verbal sense which we par- 
ticularize by reason of conditions which exist in our own more highly 
specialized mentality and which we have drilled our speech to express; 
it means “to shoot” without regard of mood or tense or person or 
number or any other of the precisions of our speech. Equally it means 
that which shoots, ‘‘the bow.’ Equally it means that which is shot, 
“the arrow.’ And when I say equally, I mean simultaneously as well; 
fana in itself carries without distinction the three ideas which we find 
it necessary to differentiate by “‘shoot,” by “shooter,” by “‘shot,”’ 
differencing these three items by the employment of simple stem, of 
stem with inflection, of stem with ablaut. In the stage of intellectual 
development to which the Samoans have advanced and the need of 
particularity has been reached, these three ideas have been set apart 
as follows: “to shoot’’ fana; “the bow’’ ‘au-fana or stick-shoot; ‘“‘the 
arrow’ u—fana or reed-shoot. 
16. fanua land; Subanu bonoa field. P. W. 341. 
fanua Samoa, Aniwa, Fotuna. enua Mangareva, Bukabuka, Rarotonga. 
hanua Rotuma. fonua Tonga, Niué. 
vanua Viti. honua Hawaii. 
fenua Futuna, Uvea, Sikaiana, Moiki, 
Fakaofo, Marquesas, Tahiti. banua Malay, Bicol. 
henua Nuguria, Marquesas, Rapanui, | banoa Visayan. 
Paumotu, Manahiki. wanua Bugis. 
whenua Maori, Bukabuka. benua Malay, Togean. 
