122 THE SUBANU. 
Because this stem, if a single stem it be, has been so tangled, I find 
it necessary to include the list of Melanesian types. Of these some, 
in fact the majority, serve to establish connection between types in 
Polynesia and types in Melanesia, which without these intervening 
varieties would baffle inquiry. Other Melanesian forms, apparently 
wide of the two greater speech-family types, in this array will readily be 
discovered to be successive devolution forms in somewhat degrading 
borrowing by the uncouth savages. Polynesia affords us the two types 
kau and kat, for we may disregard kou as being a product of vowel muta- 
tion from kau and o7 as similarly related to kat. Melanesia yields us 
three types, kasu, kau, and kat. Inthe second and third it accords with 
Polynesia, therefore we find these types carried back to the very gate- 
ways at which Polynesian migration emerged from Indonesia. The 
kasu type is easily identified with one of the Indonesian types, hazu and 
its derivative cahoy. ‘The kai type is found in Indonesia, in Melanesia 
and in Polynesia, therefore we may regard it as original Polynesian 
stock brought by the roving fleets as far as Viti in Nuclear Polynesia. 
In kayu we can see a probable association with kau, the common Poly- 
nesia type; and gayo is clearly a variant of kayu. ‘The last difficulty is 
met in the attempt to connect gayo with cahoy. Inasmuch as the two 
are met with concurrently in Subanu, I feel that we are justified in 
regarding gayo as derivative from cahoy, the Igorot kayao being an 
intermediate link. Thus the series is complete. 
31. koe thou; Visayan icao id. 
koe Tonga, Futuna, Niue, Rarotonga, Ma- —— 
nahiki, Rapanui, Paumotu, Manga- | kau Baliyon. 
reva, Marquesas, Maori, Aniwa, | kaaw Matu. 
Sikaiana. icao Visayan. 
‘oe Samoa. sika Bontoc Igorot. 
oe Tahiti, Marquesas, Hawaii, Fakaofo. angkau Malay. 
Ceremony in Malayan life (the courtesy of the honorific phrase and 
the humility of the speaker) has largely obliterated syntax. In fact 
parsing does not become an obsession until distrustful speakers begin 
to lose confidence in the expressive character of their speech and put 
their reliance in machinery—auxiliary verbs, for instance. ‘This cere- 
mony affects equally, but in opposite directions, the pronouns of the 
first and second persons; I is abased, the speaker is but a worm of the 
dust, a mere insignificance; thou is raised to the peak of honor; lord is 
but the beginning of address; from tuan the Malayans pass to giddy 
heights of exaltation. Therefore the list of Indonesian affiliates of the 
second personal pronoun is brief and hard to come at. Yet the con- 
nection is made clear by the Visayan, always noting that here in the 
Philippines we find the archetypal Malayan. From icao, a secondary 
form with the 1 augment which in time I shall establish as being a per- 
sonal index, we may readily trace the simpler kau type. For transition 
forms and for the portage of the type into Polynesia we shall need a 
