POLYNESIAN AND MALAYAN. 125 
36. langi sky; Subanu langit id. P. W. 359. 
langi Samoa, Fakaofo, Tonga, Futuna, 
Niué, Uvea, Manahiki, Nuku- | langit Visayan, Subanu, Sulu, Tagalog, 
oro, Viti, Rotuma. Chamorro, Kayan, Magin- 
rangi Maori, Rarotonga, Mangareva, Ra- dano, Malay, Java. 
panui, Paumotu, Tongarewa, | langid Baliyon. 
Aniwa, Fotuna. langi Bugi, Champa, Macassar. 
lani Nuguria, Hawaii. lanit-ra Malagasy. 
rai Tahiti. janggie Togean. 
rang Efaté. ran Uap. 
ani, aki Marquesas. 
Assuming the closed stem langit, and for this we have Indonesian 
evidence of excellent quality and complete extent through the province, 
the final consonant had been lost at the time of Polynesian exit from the 
Malay Archipelago, for in each stream we find only the open form in the 
Melanesian traverse (Jangi) or the secondary abrasion (Jang) to the 
closed type. 
37. lango a fly; Subanu langau id. P. W. 360. 
lango Samoa, Tonga, Futuna, Niué, | lango Kayan, Sanguir, Pampangas, 
Uvea, Viti. northeast Celebes. 
rango Fotuna, Maori, Rarotonga, Pau- | raingo Menado, Bolanghitam. 
motu. langau Subanu, Tagalog, Malay. 
nango Nukuoro. lengeau Dayak. 
lano Nuguria. langao Visayan. 
nalo Hawaii. langow Baju, northeast Celebes. 
rao Tahiti. lalangou North Borneo. 
lang Rotuma. langa Gorontalo, Bunda. 
The only matter which need engage our attention here is the muta- 
tion of the final vowel. We shall find other instances of the 0-ao 
variety, and it will simplify the study to examine them collectively 
after the massing of the data has been completed. 
38. laka to step; Subanu laang to walk. 
laka Tonga, Futuna, Niué, Uvea. laang Subanu. 
la‘a Samoa. lacang Visayan. 
lako Viti. pag—lacat Visayan. 
The data are insufficient for the determination of the question sug- 
gested by the Subanu-Visayan, whether this is a closed stem and 
whether the final consonant is tor ng. We find it in Melanesia in two 
widely severed stations on the Viti Stream, Motu and Mota. In Motu 
we find raka “‘to walk.”’ In Mota we havea tangle of forms: laka ‘“‘to 
kick up the heels as in dancing,’”’ lagau ‘“‘to pass, cross over, of impedi- 
ment rather than space,” lago “‘to step.”’ 
39. lalo below; Visayan ilalom id. P. W. 213. 
lalo Samoa, Tonga, Futuna, Niué, Sikaiana, Aniwa, Fotuna, Nu- 
Uvea, Hawaii, Nuguria. kuoro, Rapanui. 
raro Maori, Tahiti, Rarotonga, Tonga- | ngango Moiki. 
rewa, Bukabuka, Mangareva, | ao Marquesas. 
At the time of my earlier study of this vocable I lacked Indonesian 
affiliates, a lack which is now supplied most satisfactorily. The Visa- 
yan 7-lalom is clearly a composite representing the modern Samoan use 
of 2 lalo locative and ‘i lalo of terminus ad quem. ‘The fact that it has a 
