12 A Review of the Muscles used 
Rails, Plovers and many others. While ‘‘in the majority of 
the Gallinaceous birds the expansor secundariorum, with 
the normal origin from the secondary quills, has a different 
method of insertion, which has led Mons. A. Milne-Ed- 
wards to describe the muscle in the Common Fowl] as a part 
of the coraco brachialis (brevis) in. his superb work on 
fossil birds ” (Garrod). 
Professor Sutton alludes to this muscle in the following 
interesting way. He says, ‘‘every student of human ana- 
tomy must have experienced a certain amount of curiosity 
when he dissected for the first time the plantaris muscle; 
this strange structure sinks into insignificance when 
compared with the celebrated ambiens of the bird’s leg, or 
the tendon of the femoro-caudal in the lacertilia. Of all 
strange muscles, the one known as the expansor secundari- 
orum (Garrod) in the bird’s wing, stands pre-eminent. It 
is a small triangular muscle, arising from the quills of the 
last few secondary remiges at the elbow. Its remarkably 
long and slender tendon, which frequently traverses a 
fibrous pulley on the axillary margin of the teres muscle, 
runs up the arm side by side with the axillary vessels and 
nerves, to be inserted in the thorax into the middle of a ten- 
don, which runs from the inner side of the middle of the 
scapular element of the scapulo-coracoid articulation, to 
near the thoracic border of the sterno-coracoid articulation, 
at right angles to it when the fore-limb is extended. 
In the ducks and geese, among the Anseres, the tendons 
under consideration, when they enter the thorax, run_to- 
wards one another and join (after having expanded 
out), in the middle line in front of the cesophagus, and_be- 
hind the trachea. 
My investigations into the morphology of this tendon 
induce me to believe that it is the representative in the bird’s 
wing of the coraco-brachialis longus of mammals, and the 
long brachial ligament of man.” (Ligaments, their nature 
and morphology, p. 33). 
This will prove a very interesting muscle indeed to search 
for in the various forms of bird life in our own United 
States avifauna. 
