4 A Review of the Muscles used 
(Chauna derbiana), but I have yet to know of one that 
possesses them all. 
Some birds have the first and second with all the others 
absent ; many possess the first three mentioned in the list 
with the last two absent; and so on. Then, again, they 
vary, as I say, intheir form ; their modes of origin and in- 
sertion ; and in their special modifications. And while all 
this is very fortunate for the purposes of classification, it 
will be impossible in an article of the present limits to 
think of entering upon such matters ir their detail. My 
aim will have been accomplished by simply giving a good 
description and figure of each of these muscles, and then 
the student may study their modifications in other bird- 
forms to suit himself. Should his library contain the 
Collected Memoirs of Garrod, and his successor, W. A. 
Forbes, |to the prosectorship of the Zoological Society of 
London, so much the better, for then indeed will he have 
capital assistance at hand. Forbes, for instance, found 
some wonderfully interesting and complicated conditions of 
these muscles in certain sea-fowl. (Tubinares. ) 
Any good passerine bird, as an oriole, for example, has 
in the musculature of its wing the first three mentioned in 
the list ; and when I say any passerine bird I mean in so 
far as I have yet examined them. Having secured a good 
specimen of some such bird, pluck it perfectly clean, being 
careful, in removing the feathers of the wings, that you do 
not tear the skin. (Fig. 3). Now with a small, sharp 
dissecting scalpel make an incision just through the integu- 
ments and no more, along the line which I have indicated 
by the letters zc. in figure 3, and then carefully and com- 
pletely reflect this skin-flap in both directions until all the 
muscles of the arm and forearm are exposed, even to the 
tendon which extends from the shoulder to the wrist (tp. /.), 
in the free margin of the duplicature of ‘the skin, here 
called the patagiwm, in which these muscles are found, 
1. The tensor patagzi longus (Fig. 3, and elsewhere tp. /.) 
Among the Passeres this muscle is found to consist of a 
small fusiform, carneous portion, anda long delicate ten- 
don. Arising as a short, flat fasciculus of fibres, from the 
