4 4 a Hy 
7 Reprinted from rss i 7 ie 
The Jhurnal of Comparitive Medicine and Surgery, 
= For Ocroner, 1887 
WV. LL./8P7 Je : 
ART. XxX, A REVIEW OF THE MUSCLES. USED 
[IN THE CLASSIFICATION OF BIRDS. 
BY R. W. SHUFELDT, M.D., C. M. Z. 8, 
Captain Medical Corps U. 8, Army. 
~ 
When Garrod came to demonstrate that there were cer- 
tain muscles, and groups of muscles in Birds that could be 
used in them to classificatory ends, he made the majority 
of his dissections upon Old World forms, and it was the 
exception when any of our United States bird-types 
came beneath his skillful scalpel for this purpose. 
Then, again, his investigations were for the most part 
published in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society 
of London where they are not as easily accessible to all 
American students as they might be ; to be sure, Garrod’s 
papers were, after his death, gathered together in a hand- 
some volume of ‘‘ Scientific Memoirs,” but even this work 
is now already too scarce, and but few copies of it have 
found their way to this country. In this latter work, too; 
his excellent labors in this line are scattered through a 
large volume, and we find no single chapter with appropri- 
ate figures especially devoted to all the muscles which up 
to the present time have proved to be so useful, as one set 
of characters at least, in determining the affinities of avian 
groups. Moreover, the present writer has recently added 
to the list another muscle which he has reason to believe 
will prove of value in certain orders of birds, both for 
classification and as an indication with respect to affinity, 
among others, of these interesting types of vertebrates. 
(See Science, No. 229, p. 623, and No. 234, p. 57). In view 
of these facts, I Hage reason to believe that such an illus- 
trated chapter as is alluded to above will prove helpful to 
many anatomical students upon this side of the water, 
and to this end the present article will be devoted. 
Garrod dealt chiefly with a certain group of muscles 
