1 Oocr., 1898.] QUEENSLAND AGRICULTURAL JOURNAL. 311 
the winter months.* This occurs in or upon the central areas of the spots, 
and is only met with when the leaves are dead—or apparently so—and withered 
up. Outwardly the fungus now presents the appearance of minute black 
points, visible to the naked eye. These black specks arise from the presence 
of dark, spherical, cellular-walled, hollow little bodies or conceptacles, techni- 
cally known as “perithecia.” These are attached to beds of spawn threads, 
or mycelia, that traverse the leaf-tissue, and are each filled with obovate- 
shaped sacks, measuring from 380 to 40 micromillimetres in length, each 
of which contains eight spores; the latter being pale-brown in colour, elongate- 
ovate, rounded at each end, and divided unevenly into two parts. ‘They 
measure 15 micromillimetres in length and 3 micromillimetresin breadth.+ 
(A perithecium with its contained asci is figured on Plate LVIL., fig. 4—a repre- 
senting the asci or spore-sacks. Figure 6 shows an individual ascus with its 
contained asco-spores. This form of the fungus is named Spherella Sragarie, 
and being the final or mature form of the parasite leads to the adoption of 
its name for the latter.) 
W.R. Dudley and Miss Snow have again experimentally proved that 
though these asco-spores or winter spores sprout, even when within the spore- 
sacks and the conceptacles or perithecia that contain them, they do so far less 
readily than do the above-mentioned conidia or summer spores. They have 
also shown that the sprouting winter spores will not immediately infect the 
strawberry leaf, but there must first arise conidia. or summer spores upon the 
mycelia that are formed in the course of their development [(9), p. 179-80]. 
Dr. P. Voglino, moreover, subsequently confirmed the discovery [(4), p. 15]. 
This occurrence of the parasite in its final form upon the dead and withered 
leayes will point to the reasonableness of the injunction to destroy these as one 
of the means for coping with the disease included under “ Preventive 
Treatment.” ft : 
FORMS OF THE FUNGUS PARASITE. 
There are some grounds for concluding that the special fungus associated 
with the diseased condition of the leaves is one that assumes a variety of 
appearances, according to the condition of its host-plant and the season of the year 
at which it is observed. Allusion has already been made to the occurrence of 
two of such forms— 
The Tulasne brothers (1) referred to it no less than four different forms of 
parasite, distinguished by as many generic names. These are :—(a), a summer conidia- 
bearing form, that they regarded as a species of Cylindrosporium [C. Grrevilleanum, 
Tulas., now Ramularia Tulasnei, Sace. (2) ]; (4), an autumn conidia-bearing form—: 
Graphium phillogenum, Desmazieres ; (c), a pycnidia-bearing form with stylospores— 
Ascochyta fragaricola, Lsch. (regarded by some authors as probably identical with 
Phyllosticta fragaricola, Desm.); and (d), a perithecia-bearing form, with asci— 
Stigmatea fragarie, Tulasne (Spherella fragaria, Saccardo [(2a)]. Finally, to these 
have been added by other writers another form—-viz., (e) Septoria fragarie, Desm. § 
Although, however, the ability to recognise these different fungus forms is 
a matter of some importance, should it be definitely ascertained that they . 
represent different aspects of a single parasite, the consideration of the 
characteristic features by which they are distinguished must he for the present 
*In Southern Queensland as it would appear—the form already described and known as 
Ramularia Tulasnet, Sacc., is met with on affected strawberry plants throughout every month of 
the year—a phenomenon which would suggest the probable existence of a greater proneness to 
ready dissemination than would otherwise be experienced. 
tA micromillimetre or ,—as above stated—is equivalent to about 55459 English inch. 
+ It has, moreover, been observed that in the United States the fungus has another winter 
form that is characterised by the manifestation of minute masses of intricately interwoven mycelial 
threads, that appear as blackish specks, and that have forced their way through the epidermis or 
leaf skin at the site of the spots of disease. ‘These masses, that are technically styled sclerotia, 
develop (when kept under suitable conditions of warmth and dampness) upon their external 
surfaces upright threads (basidia) that are terminated by summer spores (conidia). Cf. Trelease 
[(3), p. 52], and W. R. Dudley [(9), pp. 175-6, figs. 3 and 6]. 
§ Definitions of these are given amongst others by Saccardo [2]—(a), being described under 
Hyphomycetez [p. 203]; (0), ditto [p. 624] (s.v. Graphiothecium) ; (c), under Melanconiz [p. 399]; 
(d), under Pirenomyceteze [p. 505]; (ce), under Sphewropsidee [p. 511]; and, finally, Phyllosticta 
tage is ace by the same authority under SpHeropedes [p. 40], and by M; C, Cooke 
, p: 346): 
