808 QUEENSLAND AGRICULTURAL JOURNAL. [1 Serr., 1899. 
DANGER FROM MILK. 
The virulence of milk from tuberculous cattle, especially when the udder is 
diseased, has been clearly demonstrated. Milk is dangerous even when the 
udder is not specially diseased. It will communicate the disease even when 
diluted by mixing with large quantities of other milk in the creamery or cheese 
factory ; whey is equally dangerous. 
The germs remain active in the skim-milk and whey, and may produce the 
disease in calves fed on it. Milk obtained from creameries in districts where 
tuberculosis prevails should be raised in temperature for LO minutes to 160 degrees 
before being given to calves, otherwise living bacilli may be taken into the 
stomach, and, entering the lymph channels, produce the disease. As a precau- 
tionary measure, milk from tuberculous cows should not be received at creameries 
or cheese factories. All skim milk and whey should be heated to 160 degrees 
for 10 minutes before being given out to farmers from the factories for feeding 
calves or swine. Unless this is done, creameries and cheese factories may become 
distributing agents of this disease to healthy herds. Milk from tuberculous 
cows is a frequent source of communicating the disease from cattle to people, 
especially children and old feeble persons; meat from diseased cattle is also 
dangerous, although it may be sterilised by heat. 
HOW TO PREVENT ITS INTRODUCTION TO A HERD. 
See that your animals to begin with are free from the disease. 
Never bring any animal into the byre till you have ascertained beyond a 
doubt that it is healthy. 
Keep your own bull. Your neighbour may be obliging, but if careless 
about the health of his stock you may suffer irreparable injury by accepting 
even the free use of his bull should the animal happen to be tuberculous. 
Conversely; if you have a bull, be exceedingly careful to see that no 
tuberculous cows are brought to him for service. 
Neyer allow a consumptive person to haye anything to do with your cattle; 
make no mistake about this. 
Your byres must be well lighted—almost as light as outdoors; disease 
germs are killed by sunlight. : 
Pure air and plenty of it is essential to health. This can only be provided 
by sufficient space. Let your cow stable be roomy. 
Drainage is essential to purity of the air. Without proper and efficient 
drainage, the air must become contaminated by emanations from the droppings 
and urine of the cattle, as well as by the decomposing vegetable matters with 
which they are mixed. 
Drain your buildings, and do it thoroughly. 
The ventilation is all-important. By properly arranged ventilators the 
impure air is removed and replaced by pure, the oxygen of the air is constantly 
being consumed in the process of breathing, and unless it is replaced it becomes 
unfit to sustain animal life. The constant change of the air in buildings 
inhabited by animals is absolutely necessary to preserve health. 
During summer weather most buildings are sufficiently ventilated by the 
doors and windows being left open; it is during. the winter when cattle are 
housed that they suffer from imperfect ventilation. 
Proper ventilation provides for the admission of the pure and the escape of 
the foul air. As a rule farmers’ architects do not make sufficient provision for 
either. ; ; 
The air may be admitted by openings near the floor, and by windows hinged 
at the bottom and dropping inward. 
The ventilators or air shafts are usually too small. Most buildings require 
shafts 8 feet square and placed about 20 feet apart, im the middle aisle of the 
byre. The shafts should be divided inside into two by a partition extending 
from the top to within 8 feet of the ceiling; the opening being controlled by 
trapdoors opened or closed by cords running vgoy ds pulleys. 
