864. QUEENSLAND AGRICULTURAL JOURNAL. [1 Ocrz., 1899. 
head frequently round to his chest. A very prominent symptom, which marks 
this disease, consists in the horse persistently standing with his forelegs wide 
apart, and his elbow out. ‘The animal keeps in the position, as it enables greater 
expansion to the chest, and therefore greater ease. The pneumonia of influenza 
is characterised by an acute hacking cough, and, in bad cases, very painful 
cough. The pulse is oppressed and quick, and, at the early stage of the disease, 
ranges about 60 beats per minute; but if the attack progresses unfavourably, it 
will become much quicker, and may even reach 100, becoming smaller and 
smaller in volume. 
The temperature rises rapidly, frequently to 104 or 105 degrees Fahr, 
In the earlier stages of the disease, the mucous membranes lining the nostrils, 
are found to be paler than usual, but, with the increase of the disease, they 
become purplish, and then of a leaden hue. 
The respiratory movements become disturbed as soon as the disease is 
established. The head, throughout the attack, is inclined downwards, with the 
nose protruded and the nostrils dilated. In thoracic influenza, besides pneu- 
monia, we may, as we stated before, have the heart and its appendages attacked. 
These complications can be easily ascertained by means of careful auscultation— 
viz., by applying the ear to the horse’s chest, in the early stages of pneumonia, 
a confused murmuring noise, accompanied with a harsh, dry murmur instead of 
the gentle respiratory sound peculiar to health, will be heard. As the inflamma- 
tion progresses, the dry murmur will give way toa moist rattle. This stage may 
last from 24 to 48 hours, at end of which time a decided change for better or 
for worse will occur. During this time the breathing will become quicker, on 
account of the increasing congestion in the air cells. As pneumonia may attack 
one lung or one position of one lung or both lungs, the extent and position can 
be determined by having recourse to the methods of auscultation. The pulse in 
pneumonia is frequent and feeble, and in the case of cardiac (heart) disease of 
irregular rythm. 
2. Abdominal Form.—In this form the catarrhal inflammation spreads 
down the asaphagus (gullet), and is likely to involve a considerable length of 
the alimentary tract, tending frequently to complete closure of the opening of 
the biliary duct, and thus giving rise to the so-called bélious catarrhal fever. 
The stomach and intestines may be subjected to great irritation, causing 
mucus effusion so intense as to lead to a fatal form of diarrhea, The 
abdominal form of influenza is divisible into two distinct kinds, each of which 
requires special notice :— 
(a) In many cases there is an acute irritation of the alimentary tract, in 
which form acute diarrhea and great prostration and weakness 
manifest themselves. 
(b) In other cases we meet with bilious complications. The mucous 
membranes being severely inflamed in a catarrhal stage, the opening 
of the bile-ducts are closed, and thus it happens that bile is thrown 
back in the blood circulation and reabsorbed. This giving rise to 
yellow mucous membranes, especially inside the nose and the eye 
(all the visible mucous membranes are yellowish in colour), the fever 
is thickened, and there is great prostration, the pulse is remittent, 
and the temperature varies from 101 to even 104 degrees Fahr. 
The urine is highly coloured and scanty; the foeces are often in a 
more or less fluid state, and sometimes are most offensive in smell; 
and other times the bowels are constipated. Constant pawing is 
also a symptom in derangement of the liver. The animal may 
evince pain on pressure being applied to the region of the liver. 
When a patient dies from these circumstances, the liver, on post- 
mortem examination, will be found to be greatly enlarged, of a dark- 
brown colour, very soft in structure, friable, granulated, and easily 
broken down by the finger. It may often be found ruptured, or 
death may arise from this cause. 
